初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法講座--名詞-成長(zhǎng)博客博客教育博客教師博…

初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法講座-- 名 詞

名詞在中考單項(xiàng)選擇試題中，除了時(shí)態(tài)，名詞的考查頻率也較高。一般考查以下幾點(diǎn)：

一、 可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞在可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞上一般出現(xiàn)這樣幾類，

（1）分辨是哪一類名詞，并根據(jù)結(jié)論做選擇。

（2）可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化。

（3）不可數(shù)名詞的量化表達(dá)。

所以，考生首先要能夠明確哪些是可數(shù)名詞，哪些是不可數(shù)名詞。其次，還要知道可數(shù)

名詞的復(fù)數(shù)的變化規(guī)則。可數(shù)名詞的變化規(guī)則一般是在單詞后面加-s 或-es，如：

1desk---desks 1desk---desks bed---beds iano---pianos iano---pianos hat---hats bag---bags photo---photos

2 bus---buses bus---buses box---boxes watch---watches brush---brush

3tomato---tomatoes 3tomato---tomatoes potato---potatoeshero---heroes Negro---Negroes

4 leaf---leaves 4 leaf---leaves knife---knives5ba---babies

---babies family---famili

另外，還要記住一些特殊的名詞的變化形式，如：

Chinese---Chinese Chinese---Chinese Japanese---Japane

Englishman---Englishmen Englishman---Englishmen

Frenchman---Frenchmen Russian---Russians Russian---Russians

American---Americans

German --- Germans child---children child---children foot---feet man---men

woman---women tooth---teeth h---teeth goose ---

geesedeer---deer

sheep---sheep

還要掌握不可數(shù)名詞的量化表達(dá)有： a piece of、a bag of、a bottle of、a cup of、

a glass of

另外，大家應(yīng)注意：?jiǎn)螖?shù)集合名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“數(shù)的”變化：?jiǎn)螖?shù)集合名詞如class,

police, family, school, group, team等。盡管形式上是單數(shù)，意義上都是復(fù)數(shù)，因此，

一般要與復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞連用，例如：Class Five have a foreign friend. 五班有一位外國(guó)

朋友。（這里的五班指五班的同學(xué)的。）His family are good to me. His family are good

to me.他的家人對(duì)我很好。（很顯然，這里的family指家庭成員。）當(dāng)上述集合名詞著重指

“整體”時(shí)， 意義上則是單數(shù)，因此，要與單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞連用。例如，Our school team often plays well in our city. Our school team often plays well in our city.我們的校隊(duì)

經(jīng)常在我們市踢得很好。（這里的team 指整個(gè)隊(duì)，但意義上仍為單數(shù)，故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用plays.

二、名詞所有格名詞所有格有兩種形式：一是加”s，一種是用of來(lái)表示。一般情況下，

指某人的某物用”s表示，而指某物的什么用of 短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示。另外，要注意凡是以s結(jié)尾的

名詞或規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)，不能直接加”s，而應(yīng)該加-”即可。例如，boys” clothes clothes gir” dresses。 不過(guò)，注意例外情況，例如， the boss”s handwriting，其中the boss”s 的-”s不可省略。因?yàn)樵谟⒄Z(yǔ)中，如果以-s 或-ss 結(jié)尾的名詞不是復(fù)數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)形式，那么

其名詞所有格仍加-”s。那么你會(huì)說(shuō)“瓊斯的小汽車”嗎？對(duì)，Jones”s car。下面我們來(lái)

做一部分習(xí)題。

1. 1. June 1st is ___ Day.A. Chi”s s B. Chil” ” C. Childrens” ”

D. Children”s答案：D

2. 2. I need ___ paper, Mum. I want to write ___ letter to my English teache

A. any, some A. any, some B. some, a C. a, some D. se,any答案：B

3. 3. There are two ___ and three ___ on the tabl

A. knifes, forks A. knifes, forks B. knifes, fork C. knives, forkes D. knives, for答案：D

4. 4. We have got a lot of___ toda

A. newspaper to read A. newspaper to read B. homework to do C. homeworks to doD. book to re答案：B

5. 5. We could see __ children and hear ___ noise in the par

A. many, many A. many, many B. much, much C. many, much D. much, ma答

案：C

6. 6. Will you pass me __

A. a few pieces of chalk A. a few pieces of chalk B. a few chalks C. a few of chalks D. some chal答案：A

7. 7. ___ habeen invited to the dancing party.

A. A friend of her A. A friend of her B. A friend of hers C. Friends of hers

D. Friends of h答案：B

下面請(qǐng)大家自己練習(xí)一下。

1. 1. September 10th is ___ Da

A. the Teacher A. the Teacher B. Teache” ” C. Teacher C. Teacher D. Teach”s答案：B

2. 2. ---Can I help you,ir?

---I”d like to have 100___. I want the students to draw pictures on them.

A. piece of paper A. piece of paper B. pieces of paper C. papers D. pap

答案：B

3. 3. ---Would you like ___ milk, pleas

---No, thank you. I still have some.A. some more ---No, thank you. I still have some.A. some more B. an C. a littlof of D. a答案：A

4. 4. ___ the old woman is i

A. What good health A. What good health B. How a good health

C. What a good health C. What a good health D. How good heal答案：A

① What + a(n) + 形容詞 + 單數(shù)名詞 + 主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)！

2. What + 形容詞 + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)！

3. What + 形容詞 + 不可數(shù)名詞 + 主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)！

4. How + 形容詞/副詞 + 主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)！

5. How + 形容詞 + a(n) + 名詞 + 主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)！

⑥ How + 主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)！

5. 5. ”m going to help ___ with ___ English.

A. a friend of Nancy, hers A. a friend of Nancy, hers B. a friend of Nan”s, her s, her

C. a friend of Nancy”s, hers s, hers D. a friend of Nancy, h答案：B

6. 6. The two desks herere ___. You may use the desk over there.

A. Mary and Jane A. Mary and Jane B. Marys and Janes C. Mary and Ja”sD. Mary”s and Jane”s答案：D

形容詞和副詞在中考單項(xiàng)選擇中形容詞也占一定比例，一般考查有關(guān)形容詞或副詞的一

些搭配，但絕大部分考查形容詞與副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。

1. 形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)

1. 一般的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)在形容詞或副詞后加-er或-est，如：small --- smaller ---

smallest

2. 以不發(fā)音-e結(jié)尾的形容詞或副詞直接加 –r或 –st，如large --- largest ---

largest

3. 重讀閉音節(jié)詞尾是一個(gè)輔音字母的，需雙寫(xiě)該輔音字母，再加-er或-est。

4. 以輔音字母加 y 結(jié)尾的形容詞和副詞，把“y”變“i”，再加 –er或

-est.busy---busier---busiesthappy---happier---happiest

但一些雙音節(jié)及多音節(jié)形容詞或副詞前要加more和most，如：slowly --- more slowly

--- most slowlydifficult---more difficult---most difficultbeautiful---more

beautiful---most beautiful； 但還有一些不規(guī)則的變化：good /

well---better---bestmany---more---mostbad / ill / badly

---worse---worstlittle---less---leastfar --- farther / further --- farther /

furthest

1. 形容詞和副詞的等比句型

1. as?as? 和??一樣 I”m as tall as you.

2. not as(so)?as 不和?? 一樣（在否定句中常用so 來(lái)代替as）

如，I can”t run so fast as you.

另外as?as possible 為固定結(jié)構(gòu)，如，as soon as possible, as quickly as possible

等。

在以上兩個(gè)句型中形容詞或副詞一定要用原級(jí)。

1. 形容詞和副詞的其它句型還有：

① 形容詞/ 副詞 比較級(jí) + than 句型 ，在than 后面的人稱代詞 用主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)均可。 He is older than I / me. He is older than I / me. 但是如果人稱代詞后有動(dòng)詞

時(shí)，則只能用主格形式。如， Tom found more red leaves than I did.

② “the + 比較級(jí)， the + 比較級(jí)” 結(jié)構(gòu)表示兩個(gè)變化一起發(fā)生。如， The more you learn, the more you”ll know.

③ “more and more”結(jié)構(gòu)（指兩個(gè)形容詞比較級(jí)用and 連接）表示持續(xù)不斷的變化。 如： I”m getting thinner and thinner.

四、修飾形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)的副詞要用much, a lot, a little, a bit, far等，

very不能和比較級(jí)連用。如： The blouse I bought yesterday is a little less

expensive. 昨天我買的襯衣比較便宜。To play basketball is far more enjoyable to the boy. 打籃球?qū)τ谀泻⒆觼?lái)說(shuō)要有趣得多。五、形容詞的一些搭配，

如：be glad / happy/ pleased to do 很高興做某事be sorry to do 很抱歉，很遺憾做某

事be sure to do 一定/相信會(huì)做某事be ready to do 準(zhǔn)備好做某事，樂(lè)于做某事get ready to do 為??做好準(zhǔn)備 等等。

下面我們來(lái)看一些例題。

1．The Yellow River is one of ___ in China.

A. the longest rivers ers B. the longer river C. the longest riverD. the long riv答案：A

2. 2. Does he speak Chinese ___ his brother?

A. as better as A. as better as B. as good as C. as well as D. best th答案：C

3. Which shirt do you like ___, the white one or the blue one? 3. Which shirt do you like ___, the white one or the blue one?

A. better r B. good C. best D. mu答案：A

4. I don”t feel ___ to go to work today. I”m ill. m ill.

A. good enough A. good enough B. well enough C. enough well D. enough go答案：B

5. Mary would like to spend ___ days on her research.

A. a little more A. a little more B. a little C. a fewore ore D. much mo答案：C

下面請(qǐng)大家自己做以下練習(xí)。

1. 1. Be quiet, class! I have ___ to tell yo

A. important anything A. important anything B. important somethi

C. anything important C. anything important D. something importa答案：D

2. 2. This picture book is not ___ that on

A. so interesting as A. so interesting as B. sinteresting than interesting than

C. as interesting than D. interesting as答案：A

3. 3. This article is ___ than that on

A. much easier A. much easier B. more easier c. much more easier D. more ea答案：A

4. 4. The Changjiang River is ___ river in Chin

A. long A. long B. longest C.he longest he longest D. long答案：C

5. 5. You must keep your room ___ and tid

A. to clean A. to clean B. cleaning C. clean D. clean答案：C C

上面我們已經(jīng)講了動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞和副詞的用法。中考中當(dāng)然也會(huì)涉及到其他諸如代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞、和連詞等的用法。下面我就簡(jiǎn)單提醒大家每類詞需注意的地方。

1. 1. 代詞同學(xué)們需掌握以下不定代詞：all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no以及由some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的合成詞如 nobody等，并注意不定代詞的定語(yǔ)后置，如something English

2. 2. 數(shù)詞同學(xué)們需要記住一些特殊拼寫(xiě)的序數(shù)詞。如：第1--- first 1--- first 第2--- second 第3--- third 第5--- fifth 第9--- ninth第12--- twelfth 12--- twelfth第20--- twentieth entieth

另外需要記住以下短語(yǔ)：hundreds of 數(shù)以百計(jì)thousands of 數(shù)以千計(jì)tens of thousands of 數(shù)以萬(wàn)計(jì)several millions of好幾百萬(wàn) 但表示確切的百或千時(shí)不能用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：ten thousandthree million

3. 3. 介詞的考察內(nèi)容主要是介詞短語(yǔ)，特別是那些有固定搭配和固定用法的介詞短語(yǔ)。這類短語(yǔ)比較多，這里我不再一一贅述，大家可以看《初中英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)》第204頁(yè)至208頁(yè)上的詞組。但我要特別提幾個(gè)以前舊教材所沒(méi)有的短語(yǔ)，請(qǐng)大家注意。如， speak highly of高度贊揚(yáng)regard? as ?視為，把??看做??make a contribution to doing sth 為??做貢獻(xiàn)4. 4. 連詞同學(xué)們需要特別記憶以下連詞或連詞短語(yǔ)：neither?nor?either?or?not only?but also?both?and?前三個(gè)短語(yǔ)引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需遵循就近原則。 如， Neither you nor I am right. 你和我都不正確。

Either Lucy or Lily is going there. s going there.不是Lucy就是Lily要去那兒。 那么both?and?連接主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 如， Both Lucy and Lily are going there.句子的種類1．應(yīng)特別注意掌握的簡(jiǎn)單句 有介詞的特殊疑問(wèn)句 在特殊問(wèn)句

中，作為介詞賓語(yǔ)的疑問(wèn)代詞可以與介詞分離，放在句首，而把介詞放在句尾。如， Whom do you travel with? 當(dāng)然，也可以把介詞放在句首。總之，不要把介詞丟掉。有插入語(yǔ)的特殊疑問(wèn)句在特殊問(wèn)句中，經(jīng)�？梢钥吹竭@樣的句子：Where do you think they may go? Where do you think they may go? 其中，do you think 是疑問(wèn)式插入語(yǔ)，其余部分是think的賓語(yǔ)從句。注意，疑問(wèn)式插入語(yǔ)同句子的其余部分不用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。疑問(wèn)式插入語(yǔ)還有do you hope, do you guess 等。在肯定句中也有插入語(yǔ)。如：That man, I guess, is neither a policeman nor a soldier. 在肯定句的插入語(yǔ)要用逗號(hào)與句子的其他部分分開(kāi)。去掉插入語(yǔ)，該句子仍然是個(gè)完整的句子。 You”d better (not)? (do sth.) 這個(gè)說(shuō)法常用于提出“勸告，建議，告戒”。 比較委婉的有禮貌的說(shuō)法是 Would you like ?? 或 What about (doing)??。 如，It”s too dark. You”d better leave at once. I”m afraid

(that) ? ”m afraid (that) I can”t go with you today. 常用來(lái)委婉地表示自己的看法或預(yù)料一件令人不悅的事情。2．并列句 并列句的考查重點(diǎn)是并列連詞。并列連詞有and, or, but, both? and, neither? nor, either? or, not only? but also?等。3．復(fù)合句 復(fù)合句考查的主要內(nèi)容是賓語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句。① 賓語(yǔ)從

句賓語(yǔ)從句的考查要點(diǎn)是：時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)、人稱的一致、詞序等。A.賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞：賓語(yǔ)從句本身是敘述句是，用that 引導(dǎo)。He said (that) he would leave on March 12 next weeek.賓語(yǔ)從句本身是特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，用疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)。 Do you know where we can find our teacher?賓語(yǔ)從句本身是一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，用if 或whether引導(dǎo)。I don”t know if / whether he has done that.B. 賓語(yǔ)從句與主句時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)。主句謂語(yǔ)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)和將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)候，賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)不受影響。如，It is said that the panda was sent to America last month.主句是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，從句謂語(yǔ)要做適當(dāng)調(diào)整：a) a) 由現(xiàn)在時(shí)調(diào)整為過(guò)去時(shí)。I didn”t know you were also here.b) t know you were also here.b) 由將來(lái)時(shí)調(diào)整為過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)He said that he would go to Beijing the next week.c) He said that he would go to Beijing the next week.c) 過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)多數(shù)不受影響，但“一般過(guò)去時(shí)”常調(diào)整為“過(guò)去完成時(shí)”，尤其是從句中有before, since 一類的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，多調(diào)整為“過(guò)去完成時(shí)”如：She said she had worked at this school before her father came to this city.② 狀語(yǔ)從句。狀語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句（常由when, while, before, after, until, as soon as等詞引導(dǎo)）、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句（常有where 引導(dǎo)）、原因狀語(yǔ)從句（常有because, since, as 引導(dǎo)，這三詞所表達(dá)的語(yǔ)氣由because到as逐漸減弱，由why提出的問(wèn)題必須用because 來(lái)回答）， 條件狀語(yǔ)從句（常由if引導(dǎo)）、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句（常由such ? that?, so?that?, so that等引導(dǎo) ）、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句（常由though， although引導(dǎo)）。③另外，今年新加了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，其考查內(nèi)容主要是正確使用關(guān)系代詞｛who（指人）、that（指人或物）、which（指物）｝ , etc. 定語(yǔ)從句一般緊跟在修飾詞的后面，如：She is the person who I want to see. 她就是我想見(jiàn)到的人。有時(shí)，為了使句子平衡，也可把定語(yǔ)從句與所修飾詞分開(kāi)。 同學(xué)們還記得這樣一句話嗎？Then a screen came up that read, “Congratulations!” 這是第三冊(cè)第54課中的一個(gè)句子。下面我們來(lái)看一些例子：

1. 1. The traveller was ___ tired that she coul”t walk on.

A. so A. so B. very C. too D. qui答案：A

2. 2. Do you know ___ ten years ag

A. where does he live A. where does he live B. where he lives

C. where did he live C. where did he live D. where he liv答案：D

3. 3. He di”t go home ___ he finished the work.

A. since A. since B. if C. because D. unt答案：D

4. 4. I was reading the newspaper ___ I heard a loud shout outsi

A. while A. while B. when C. though D. 答案：B

5. 5. I d”t know the man ___ is cleaning the door.A. that t know the man ___ is cleaning the door.A. that B. ere ere C. what D. w答案：D 好，接下來(lái)大家自己做以下練習(xí)。

1. 1. I di”t remember ___ the woman before.

A. where I had seen A. where I had seen B. where I have seen

C. where had I seenD. where have I seen答案：A

2. 2. It was raining heavily ___ we got to Pari

A. while A. while B. if C. when D. because答案：C

3. 3. The plane ha”t arrived. Can you tell me ___?

A. what time is the plane late A. what time is the plane late B. why is the plane la

C. why the plane is late C. why the plane is late D. what time the plane is la答案：C

4. 4. I d”t know if ___tomorrow?

A. it doesn”t rain t rain B. theain will stops ain will stops C. the rains w”t stopD. it won”t rain答案：D D

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