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考研英語(yǔ):語(yǔ)法大全(進(jìn)行時(shí))
過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)的墓本概念、形式和用法
過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)(future-in-the-past continuous tense)表示在對(duì)過(guò)去某一時(shí)間而言的將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
1)過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)的形式由should be(第一人稱(chēng))或wonld be(第二、三人稱(chēng))加現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成。美國(guó)英語(yǔ)一律用wonld.
2)過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法
a)表示在過(guò)去的將來(lái)的某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如:
He asked me what I should be doing at ten the next day.他問(wèn)我第二天十點(diǎn)鐘我將干什么。
They said that they would be expecting us the next week.他們說(shuō)他們下個(gè)星期等我們?nèi)ァ?/p>
b)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之后即將或按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如:
He said he could not come because he would be haying a meeting.他說(shuō)他不能來(lái),因?yàn)橐_(kāi)會(huì)。
一般時(shí)態(tài)與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別
一般時(shí)態(tài)與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的主要區(qū)別有二:
1)一般時(shí)態(tài)通常表示經(jīng)常的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),而進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)則表示在某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行著的動(dòng)作。如:
We read newspapers every day.我們每天讀報(bào)。
She is now reading the newspaper.她現(xiàn)在正在讀報(bào)。
2)一般時(shí)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)的固有特征、能力等,而進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)則表示主語(yǔ)在某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間內(nèi)所進(jìn)行的具體動(dòng)作。如:
He sings well.他唱得很好。
He is singing a folk song.他在唱一首民歌。
注:并不是所有的動(dòng)詞都能用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),例如表達(dá)狀態(tài)、感情和感覺(jué)的某些動(dòng)詞,通常只能用一般時(shí)態(tài)而不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),例如“know”(知道)一般就不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞還有be(是),have(有),1ove (愛(ài)),hate(恨),want(想要),1ike(喜歡),think(認(rèn)為),believe(相信),see(看見(jiàn)),hear(聽(tīng)見(jiàn))等。
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本概念
1)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示此時(shí)此刻(說(shuō)話(huà)人說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí))正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,它并不表明這一動(dòng)作從什么時(shí)候開(kāi)始,到什么時(shí)候結(jié)束。漢語(yǔ)常用“(正)在”或“著”來(lái)表示這種時(shí)間關(guān)系。如:
What are you doing?
-I'm doing some washing.你在干什么?——我在洗衣服。
Look! It is snowing.瞧!下著雪哩。
She is drawing a map.她在畫(huà)一張地圖。
Are they listening to the music?
-NO,they are listening to the radio.他們?cè)诼?tīng)音樂(lè)嗎?——不,他們?cè)诼?tīng)收音機(jī)。
2)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行著的動(dòng)作,雖然此時(shí)此刻這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能并不在進(jìn)行。如:
He is working on a paper.他在寫(xiě)一篇論文。
They are compiling a dictionary.他們?cè)诰幰槐驹~典。
3)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)可表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,有“意圖”或“打算”的含義(用于go,come,stay,1eave,start等表示移動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞)。如:
He is corning to see you tomorrow.他明天要來(lái)看你。
They are going to the Ming tombs this coming Sunday.這個(gè)星期天他們要到十三陵去。
They are taking the children to the zoo on Sunday.他們星期天要帶孩子們?nèi)?dòng)物園。
What are you doing next Sunday? I'm going on a picnic with my wife and daughter.這個(gè)星期天你要干什么?我要和妻子和女兒去野餐。
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本概念
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)(past continuous tense)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如:
I was practicing the violin at eight o'clock yesterday evening.昨晚八點(diǎn)鐘我正在練習(xí)小提琴。
When Walter arrived home,his sister was doing her homework.沃爾特到家時(shí),他妹妹正在做作業(yè)。
Pat was watching TV all evening.帕特整個(gè)晚上都在看電視。
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的形式
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)由was(第一、三人稱(chēng)單數(shù))或were (其余各人稱(chēng)和數(shù))加現(xiàn)在分詞所構(gòu)成。
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法
表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,這一特定的時(shí)間往往須用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)來(lái)表示。如:
She was reading an English magazine when I came in.我進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)她在看一本英文雜志。
It was getting dark.天黑了。
They were working all day yesterday.他們昨天整天工作。
We were cleaning the auditorium from 7 to 9 last night.昨晚七點(diǎn)到九點(diǎn)我們?cè)诖驋叽蠖Y堂。
I met him when he was crossing the street.他過(guò)街時(shí)我碰見(jiàn)他。
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的其他用法
1)表示移動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞go,come,start,stay,leave等的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí),可以表示過(guò)去將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如:
They wanted to know when we were leaving for Shanghai.他們想知道我們什么時(shí)候到上海去。
She asked whether he was starting then ext day.她問(wèn)他是否第二天就動(dòng)身。
2)動(dòng)詞go的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)加動(dòng)詞不定式,可以表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之后將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。(比較8.24的3)如:
They said they were going to set up a nursery.他們說(shuō)他們要設(shè)立一個(gè)托兒所。
She said the foreign guests were going to visit the Shanghai in dustrial Exhibition.她說(shuō)外賓要去參觀上海工業(yè)展覽會(huì)。
The monitor announced that our new teacher was going to speak to us.班長(zhǎng)宣布新老師要跟我們講話(huà)。
3)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)可用來(lái)描寫(xiě)故事發(fā)生的背景。如:
It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A young woman suddenly appeared on the riverbank. it was Xier. She had just escaped from Huang Shiren's house.那是一個(gè)漆黑的夜晚。風(fēng)刮得很厲害,雨下得很大。一個(gè)年輕婦女突然出現(xiàn)在河岸上。這就是喜兒。她剛從黃世仁的家里逃了出來(lái)。
過(guò)去一般時(shí)與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)用法比較
過(guò)去一般時(shí)通常表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的一個(gè)單純的事實(shí),而過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)則表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,強(qiáng)調(diào)在這一過(guò)程中所進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或展開(kāi)的情景。試比較:
We built a bridge last winter.去冬我們修了一座橋。(意即去冬我們做了這件事,橋已經(jīng)修好了。)
We were building a hydro-electric station last winter.去冬我們?cè)谛匏娬。(意即去冬我們一直在修水電站,修完與否不詳)
I wrote a letter home last night.昨晚我寫(xiě)了一封家信。(意即)昨晚我做了這件事,信寫(xiě)完了。)
I was writing a letter to my pen friend in America last night.昨晚我在給我的美國(guó)筆友寫(xiě)信。(意即昨晚我一直在寫(xiě)信,不一定寫(xiě)完)
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