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考研英語 語法精解:主謂一致(上)
2014年考研即將開始,而考研英語是考試中的重中之重,為此考研教育網(wǎng)小編們?yōu)榇蠹揖恼砹艘韵虏牧,供大家?fù)習(xí)使用,祝福大家2014年考研順利!
轉(zhuǎn)眼間,考研英語已經(jīng)進入到強化階段,對于一些重難點的語法考生們應(yīng)該開始學(xué)習(xí)、掌握。
主謂一致(Subject?verb Agreement)
句子成分間或詞語間必須在人稱、數(shù)、性等方面保持一致,一致這一語言現(xiàn)象在日常應(yīng)用及各類英語考試中出現(xiàn)較多,最主要的一致關(guān)系是主謂一致。
一、主謂一致的分類
1.語法一致,即主語為單數(shù)形式,謂語動詞也采取單數(shù)形式;主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式,謂語動詞也用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
2.意義一致,即從意義上著眼來處理主謂一致問題,也就是說有時主語形式為單數(shù),但意義為復(fù)數(shù),這時謂語動詞視其意義采用復(fù)數(shù)形式,反之亦然。
3.就近一致,即謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)往往和最靠近的詞語保持一致。 考研 教育網(wǎng)
二、主謂一致原則的具體應(yīng)用
(一)what從句或其他名詞性從句作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式
例句: All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.(選自2011年Text 1)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中,定語從句I have to do前省略了關(guān)系代詞that,修飾先行詞all,all that相當(dāng)于what.
譯文: 我要做的是走到我的唱片架旁,或者打開電腦從iTunes上下載更多的音樂錄音。
例句: He claims to be an expert in astronomy, but in actual fact he is quite ignorant on the subject. What little he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate.(1997年第7題)
分析: but前后為一組并列句,而What little he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate是一個復(fù)合句,即主語從句,what little he knows about it在主語從句中作主語。
譯文: 他聲稱是天文學(xué)的專家,而事實上他對該學(xué)科一竅不通。所知道的一點點也是過時的且不準(zhǔn)確的。
例句: That these seas are being overfished has been known for years.
(選自2006年Text 3)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中主語從句的主語由That these seas are being overfished充當(dāng)。
譯文: 眾所周知,人類在海洋里過度捕撈已經(jīng)很多年了。
(二)主語后跟有由特殊連詞引出的詞語時,其謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由主語決定
這樣的連詞有as well as, rather than, together with, along with, but, except, accompanied by, in addition to, including, instead of, like, more than等,有時這些詞也可以置于句首。。
例句: The pollution question as well as several other issues is going to be discussed when the Congress is in session again next spring. (1996年第36題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,本句中主句主語后接as well as……,謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)和主語一致。
譯文: 明年春天再次舉行的國會會議上將討論污染及其他一些問題。
例句: John?s uncle, together with his two relatives, suggests that we (should) stay here till next weekend.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,suggest后的賓語從句that we (should) stay here till next weekend用虛擬語氣。
譯文: 約翰的叔叔還有他的兩個親戚建議我們待到下周末。
例句: Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. (選自2008年Use of English)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,句子主干是he is publishing a paper,介詞短語together with another two scientists作狀語,表示伴隨, which引導(dǎo)一個定語從句,修飾a paper,其中包含了not only……but(also)這一句型,that one group……than the others作suggests的賓語,that has brought this about是一個修飾the process的定語從句。
譯文: 他和其他兩位科學(xué)家準(zhǔn)備一起發(fā)表一篇論文,在文章中他們不僅提出某一族群人比另一族群人更加聰明的觀點,而且還解釋了引起這種結(jié)果的過程。
(三)主語為a portion of(一份), a kind of, a series of等短語
該情況中謂語動詞根據(jù)形式一致原理用單數(shù)形式,但如果主語為portions of, many kinds of時,謂語動詞相應(yīng)采用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
例句: Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freights moved by major rail carriers.
(選自2003年Text 3)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句, moved by major rail carriers在主句中作定語修飾all the freights.
譯文: 明年,在一系列的合并完成以后,這四家鐵路公司將占主要鐵路公司貨運總量的90%以上。
(四)there be句型
be的單復(fù)數(shù)根據(jù)就近原則,主謂一致。。
例句: There are thirteen or more of them, and if any is missing a deficiency disease becomes apparent. (選自1996年Cloze Test)
分析: 該句是由and連接的并列句,其中and后是一個復(fù)合句。
譯文: 至少有13種維生素,若缺其中一種,維生素缺乏癥疾病便明顯可見。
例句: There are a number of best?selling downshifting self?help books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletters, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling?film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid?90s? equivalent of dropping out. (選自2001年Text 5)
分析: 本句由三個分句構(gòu)成,在第一個分句中,定語從句who want to simplify their lives 修飾people;在第二個分句中,定語從句that give hundreds of thousands of……修飾newsletters,其中介詞短語from recycling their cling?film to……修飾anything;在第三個分句中,定語從句who want to……修飾先行詞those.
譯文: 對那些想要簡樸生活的人,有許多暢銷的關(guān)于“順其自然”生活方式的自助書;還有像“守財奴報”之類的通訊,給數(shù)十萬美國人提供包羅萬象而且實用的指導(dǎo),從膠卷的再利用到自己制造肥皂;甚至還有支持小組,幫助有些人實現(xiàn)90年代中期逃避社會現(xiàn)實的理想。
以上四種句型考生們應(yīng)該結(jié)合考研英語真題,通過閱讀理解、英漢互譯反復(fù)練習(xí)直到掌握。英語語法學(xué)習(xí)雖然枯燥,但是只要你肯下功夫復(fù)習(xí),肯定會讓你的英語整體水平有質(zhì)的飛躍。
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