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考研英語沖刺寫作 避免漢語表達
中國大學(xué)網(wǎng)考研頻道＞＞漢語注重以情動人，在文章的構(gòu)思、措辭、修飾和意境方面偏重情感效果。許多考生受此影響，寫出來的作文，更多的帶有情感因素，要刻意去追求文字的感染力，而比較少的注意文章的主題和實質(zhì)性的思想內(nèi)容。受漢語的影響，考生的寫作常常采用迂回、含蓄的方式表達，或采用口號式的方式表達。結(jié)果，主題思想的表達往往被忽視而變得很次要。英語是非常注重邏輯明確的語言。英語注重文章的實質(zhì)內(nèi)容，講究層層推導(dǎo)、表達透徹，主題和主題句處于文章非常顯要的位置。如每一段的開頭或者結(jié)尾，在主題句之后，總有具體和細致的舉例、說明和闡釋來進一步深化主題，豐富內(nèi)容。
我們先來看一下受漢語思維和表達影響很深的一篇作文：
From the picture, we can see that a beautiful American girl is in traditional Chinese costume and is smiling, as if she was asking us, “Am I like a Chinese” and speaking, “ I wish Chinese people happy like me.” It shows that with the faster pace of globolization, cultural differences are shrinking.
Over the ages, our Chinese people have been looked down upon by foreigners. But now, they are interested in our culture, wearing our clothes. What a change! It shows that we are getting stronger and more influential. It shows that Chinese people really stand up. In this respect, what reasons do we have to look down upon ourselves, our glorious culture and long traditional?
With the reform, China now is becoming a great country. She is going international. Her culture, both traditional and modern, will exercise an impact on the world. Let us work hard and make that possible in the nearest future.
上面的文章雖然分為三段式，但每一個段落差不多都是情緒激昂的口號，沒有實質(zhì)性的內(nèi)容，更無嚴(yán)密的說理和論述。這樣的短文，雖然語法上并不重大差錯，但因為內(nèi)容空洞、缺乏邏輯而不能得到一個好的分?jǐn)?shù)。
我們再來看一下，同樣的題目，比較符合英文思維方式和表達方式的作文是怎樣的:
This picture vividly depicts a lovely American girl dressed in traditional Chinese costume with a sweet smile on her face. She wears ribbons, earrings, necklaces and other accessories that are characteristic of the clothes of a certain Chinese minority group. Undoubtedly, the costume has added oriental glamour to her beautiful features.
What the picture conveys goes far beyond merely a new fashion trend. Instead, it carries cultural implications as well. The fact that people from other nations are attracted to the mysterious Chinese culture indicates that to some extent a culture can be accepted, respected, appreciated and shared internationally. In other words, one nation’s distinctive culture can become international through worldwide economic and cultural enchanges. Since the trend of globalization seems irresistible, the increasing cultural exchanges will effectively improve mutual understanding and friendship.
In my opinion, national culture, as a priceless spiritual treasure, should be preserved and cherished. Meanwhile there are good reasons to advocate international culture, for those ideas from other cultures, controversial or even absurd at first sight, can provide a different perspective for us to observe the world. However, when we are confronted with a different culture, we should be sensible enough to absorb its essence and resist its dark side. Only in this way can we promote cultural development positively and make our world dimensional, colorful and vigorous.
第一段在照片中挖掘出的細節(jié)很多，包括了“ a lovely American girl”, “traditional Chinese costume”, “sweet smile on her face”, “ribbons”, “earrings”, “accessories”, “minority group” 和“oriental glamour”, 挖掘得非常深入。
第二段中采用了圖畫作文意義闡釋段的經(jīng)典句型“The fact that…indicates that…”, 通過兩個從句寫出兩到三行的復(fù)雜長句，加大了句型難度。一種文化可以被“accepted”, “respected”, “appreciated”, “shared internationally”, 句子使用了連續(xù)排比的動詞，很有氣勢。隨著論述的層層深入，逐步提到了“globalization”的概念，使得作文大氣成熟，沒有停留在簡單文化現(xiàn)象的表面。
第三段針對兩種不同文化提出了建議，其中連續(xù)兩次采用了插入語結(jié)構(gòu)，加大了句型難度�！叭∑渚A，去其糟粕”的英文對應(yīng)表達為“absorb its essence and resist its dark side”，用于精確。作文的結(jié)束句采用了“Only in this way can we…”的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，追求句式的豐富多變。最后強調(diào)使我們的世界“dimensional(多元化)”，“colorful(多姿多彩)”，“vigorous(充滿生機)”，再次使用排比形式，使得結(jié)尾抑揚頓挫，很有節(jié)奏和氣勢。
英文的行文注重結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、邏輯分明，表述方式也直截了當(dāng)，重復(fù)較少。沖刺備考考生應(yīng)在進行閱讀和寫作練習(xí)時，充分留意這些特點，并學(xué)著模仿這種思維和表達方式。
我們再看下面這篇短文。
�、臫he American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise，market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. ⑵ Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. ⑶Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
�、臕n important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. ⑵In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. ⑶If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. ⑷If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. ⑸Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.
�、臫he important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources(private property), and they are permitted to hire labour, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. ⑵In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain right, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
這篇文章的第一句就開門見山，明確了主題，提出美國經(jīng)濟制度的特點是通過私有企業(yè)和市場導(dǎo)向調(diào)節(jié)作用。圍繞這一主題，文章的三個段落層層展開，環(huán)環(huán)相扣，每一段落各有側(cè)重。
第一段是講私有企業(yè)受盈利動機驅(qū)使進行生產(chǎn)和服務(wù)，這一動機決定企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)和服務(wù)方式，但更重要的是，這一動機取決于消費者的需求和愿望，即市場導(dǎo)向。這一段的最末一句是該段的段落主題句，實際上也是全文中心思想的另一種表述方式。
第二段開頭一句是該段的段落主題句，說明市場導(dǎo)向型經(jīng)濟的重要特點之一是它有一個價格機制，價格的上漲和下跌反映并調(diào)節(jié)消費需求。圍繞這個主題句，第(2)、(3)、(4)句進一步闡述產(chǎn)品供需與價格浮動和消費需求的關(guān)系。
第三段的主題句也是該段的第一句，說明私有制企業(yè)的重要特色。該段的第二句是對主題句的進一步闡釋。
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