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高中英語謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)教案
一、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的定義:用動(dòng)詞的不同形式來表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在不同的時(shí)間。
二、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的種類和形式:動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)根據(jù)其時(shí)間和體態(tài)共合成十六種時(shí)態(tài):下面以動(dòng)詞work為例說明各種時(shí)態(tài)的不同形式:
一般進(jìn)行完成完成進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在work(s)(am,are.is)am/are/is workinghave(has)worked[have(has)beenworking]過去worked(was,were)were/was workinghad worked[had been working]將來will/shall work[will/shall be working][will/shall have worked]will/shallhave been working過去將來would/should workwould/should beworkingwould/should haveworkedwould/should have been working
注:上表中黑體字部分為常用八種時(shí)態(tài),括號(hào)[]內(nèi)的部分為高考需要了解的時(shí)態(tài)。
三、常用八種時(shí)態(tài)的基本用法:
I、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或現(xiàn)在所存在的狀態(tài)或客觀真理。
He often gets up at six o'clock in the morning.
He is a student,and he hasa lot of books.
The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.
Water boilsat 100 degrees celsius.
Ⅱ、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):表示說話時(shí)或現(xiàn)階段正在發(fā)生著的一個(gè)動(dòng)作。
It is raining now.
He is teaching English and learning Chinese.
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別:
、俦硎粳F(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)時(shí),多用系動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞;一般不用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。
Ice feels cold.(一般不用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí))He has many books.(一般不用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí))
②表示經(jīng);蛄(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,多用動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞,且常與表頻率的時(shí)間狀語連用。若表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段發(fā)生的動(dòng)作要用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。
He teaches English in our school.(表示經(jīng)常)He is teaching English and learning Chinese.(表示現(xiàn)階段)
、郜F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)常與always、often等頻度副詞連用,表經(jīng)常反復(fù)的動(dòng)作或某種感情色彩)The girl is always talking loud in public.
常見狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞有下列四類動(dòng)詞:(一般不宜用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí))。
。ˋ)表示心理狀態(tài)、情感的動(dòng)作:like,love,hate,care,remember,believe,want,think、mind,wish,agree,mean,need。
。˙)表存在的狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞:have,own,exist,lie,remain,seem,appear,belong to,depend on。
(C)表示一時(shí)性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞:allow,accept,permit,promise,admit,complete。
。―)表示感官的動(dòng)詞:see,hear,notice,feel,smell,sound,taste,look。
I know what you mean.
Smith owns a car and a house.
All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.
Ⅲ、一般將來時(shí):
、俦硎疚磥砟硶r(shí)或一個(gè)階段將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。(常與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用,如tomorrow、next week等)。
、诒硎疽环N必然趨向或習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。
We'll die without air or water.
注:在時(shí)間、條件、讓步狀語從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)。
幾種表示將來動(dòng)作的句型及其區(qū)別:
1、be going to與will/shall
、賐e going to表示現(xiàn)在打算在將來要做某事,這種打算往往經(jīng)過事先考慮,甚至已做了某種準(zhǔn)備;shall/will 表示未事先考慮過,即說話時(shí)臨時(shí)作出的決定。
The size and the price ane OK,so'll take it.(此句中不可用be going to)
、赽e going to表示根據(jù)某些事實(shí)推斷必然發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Wi則表示一種必然趨向,無需據(jù)推斷。
Fish will die without water.(必然趨向)The fish is going to die soon.(根據(jù)這條魚現(xiàn)在的狀況做出的推斷)
③be going to表將來,不能與條件狀語從句連用;而will則能,表意愿。如:
If it is fine,we'll go fishing.(正確)If it is fine,we are going to go fishing.(錯(cuò)誤)
2、be to do與be going to be to do sth.表按組織的計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。be going to do是按主語自己的計(jì)劃,安排將要做的動(dòng)作。
He is going to Beijing for a visit next week.(他自己打算去)He is to go to Beijing on business next week.(組織讓他去)
3、be about to do.表示“即將,就要”,后面不能接具體時(shí)間狀語。常與when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連用:be about to do sth..when.“正要做某事,就在這時(shí)又…"
Autumn harvest is about to start.
I was about to leave when a friend of mine came.
4、少數(shù)用于表示起止的動(dòng)詞如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、open、close、end、stop等常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí),表示一個(gè)按時(shí)刻表規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。當(dāng)be表示根據(jù)時(shí)間順序肯定會(huì)出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài),只用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
The shop closes at 11:00 p.m.every day.
Tomorrow is Wednesday.
5、表近期特定的安排或計(jì)劃;go、come等起止動(dòng)作可用進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來時(shí)。強(qiáng)調(diào)緊迫感。
如:
I am meeting Mr.Wang tonight.
We are leaving on Friday.
IV.過去將來時(shí):與一般將來時(shí)對(duì)比,表示以過去的某時(shí)為準(zhǔn)還沒有發(fā)生而將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
He said he would come to see you.(在他說的時(shí)候還沒有來)上述“幾種表示將來動(dòng)作句型及其區(qū)別”也適應(yīng)于過去將來時(shí)。
V、一般過去時(shí):(考核重點(diǎn))。表示過去某時(shí)或某一階段發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。常與表示過去具體的時(shí)間狀語連用(或有上下文語境暗示);用于表達(dá)過去的習(xí)慣;如:
I met her in the street yesterday.
I once saw the famous star here.
They never drank wine.
VI.過去進(jìn)行時(shí):過去某時(shí)或某一階段內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
I was reading a book at 8 yestoday.
It was raining last night.
VII.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):
1.表示過發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。
I have ready seen the film.
2.表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。(只用于延續(xù)動(dòng)作)常與for、since引導(dǎo)的狀語連用外,還可以和下面的介詞短語連用:during/in/over the last(past)few years(months,weeks)、in recent years等。
We have learned 3000 English words since we began to study English.
He has lived in Beijing for 5 years.
注:①在用法2中如有不延續(xù)動(dòng)詞,必須改換為延續(xù)動(dòng)詞:
如:表示“他來這時(shí)已經(jīng)3天了!
He has been here for three days.不能說:He has come here for three days.
come不延續(xù)動(dòng)詞,改為be延續(xù)動(dòng)詞
又如:“他參軍已經(jīng)三年了。"不能說:He has joined the Amy for three years.
應(yīng)該說:He has been an army man for three years.這里join為不延續(xù)動(dòng)詞,改為be延續(xù)動(dòng)詞,并根據(jù)意義做相應(yīng)的改動(dòng):be an army man
、谙铝芯湫椭谐S矛F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
It is(has been)+一段時(shí)間+since從句
This(That/It)is the first(second..)time that+完成時(shí)VIm.過去完成時(shí)(考核重點(diǎn))。
、俦硎具^去某時(shí)之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。常與by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示過去某一時(shí)間的短語或從句以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
如:By the end of last year,we had produced 20,000 cars.
The train had left before we reached the station.
②表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到過去的另一個(gè)時(shí)間。常與for,since時(shí)間狀語連用。
We had already learned English for five years by the end of last year.
幾種表示“過去的“時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別:
1、“一般過去時(shí)”與“過去進(jìn)行時(shí)”的區(qū)別:
一般過去時(shí):表示過去某時(shí)或某一階段發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)(在指定時(shí)間內(nèi)完成)過去進(jìn)行時(shí):表示過去某時(shí)或某一階段內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作(在指定時(shí)間內(nèi)未完成)It rained last night.(雨在指定時(shí)間last night結(jié)束)It was raining last night.(雨在指時(shí)間last night下著,不知什么時(shí)間停的)如果指定“點(diǎn)時(shí)間”,不延續(xù)動(dòng)詞只能用一般過去時(shí),而延續(xù)動(dòng)詞只能用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
He came here at 8 o'clock yesterday.
He was reading a book at 8 o'clock yesterday.
2、“一般過去時(shí)”與“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)”的區(qū)別:
一般過去時(shí):表示過去某時(shí)或某一階段發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。(有確切的過去時(shí)間)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):表示過發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。(無確切的過去時(shí)間)Ihave seen the film.(不知過去具體什么時(shí)間看的)I saw the film yesterday.(就是昨天看的)He has been a student.(他現(xiàn)在還是學(xué)生)He was a student last year.(他現(xiàn)在不再是學(xué)生了)
3、“一般過去時(shí)”與“過在完成時(shí)”的區(qū)別:
一般過去時(shí):表示過去某時(shí)或某一階段發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。(指定時(shí)間內(nèi)完成)過在完成時(shí):表示過去某時(shí)之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。(指定時(shí)間之前完成)I finished the book yesterday.(我昨天看的那本書,并看完了)I had finished the book by yesterday.(我在昨天之前開始看,到昨天才看完)這里關(guān)鍵是必須有介詞by說明在“昨天之前”。如有過去時(shí)間,但無法說明在此之前的決不可用過去完成時(shí)。
注:①“時(shí)間名詞+before”在句子中作狀語,謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí);“時(shí)間名詞+
ago”在句中作狀語,謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去式。
如:He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before.
Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.
②表示“就.”的幾個(gè)句型:Hardly/Scarcely/No sooner had+主語+過去分詞+
when/than+一般過去時(shí)。
如:We had no sooner been seated than the bus started.
No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.
、谠赽efore,after,as soon as,immediately,the moment,the minute。引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)代替過去完成時(shí)。
After he(had)left the room,the boss came in.
We(had)arrived home before it snowed.
As soon as he(had)arrived in Beijing,he got in touch with his friend.
、廴绻麖木渲杏幸粋(gè)過去的時(shí)間狀語,盡管從句中的動(dòng)作先于主句發(fā)生,但從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞連用過去式。如:
He told me he read an interesting novel last night.
、苡刹⒘羞B詞but,and等連接,表示幾個(gè)連續(xù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,或在故事中按時(shí)間順序發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用一般過去時(shí)。
He bought a watch but lost it.
He came here and then went to see his grandmother.
IX.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài):表示過去發(fā)生的某動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在且仍然在進(jìn)行著。
The worker has been working in this company ever since he graduated from college.
注:①如說話人不十分強(qiáng)調(diào)此動(dòng)作仍在進(jìn)行,也可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
The worker has worked in this company since he graduated from college.
、谟袝r(shí)可用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),表示說話帶有強(qiáng)烈的感情色彩。
He looks very tired,for he has been painting the house all day.
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