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閱讀英語(yǔ)科技文章的技能和技巧簡(jiǎn)述
當(dāng)代科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展迅速,每天有大量的英語(yǔ)科技文章、新聞及其它科技資料發(fā)表在各類(lèi)報(bào)刊和網(wǎng)絡(luò)上,要想把這些英語(yǔ)科技文獻(xiàn)資料都及時(shí)翻譯成中文是不可能的。如果想要及時(shí)掌握最新的科技信息,把握住現(xiàn)代科技發(fā)展的脈搏,最好的解決辦法是自己直接閱讀英語(yǔ)文獻(xiàn)資料,獲得第一手信息。只要有較好英語(yǔ)的基礎(chǔ),再掌握英語(yǔ)閱讀的技巧,做到這一點(diǎn)并非很難。 閱讀技能是學(xué)習(xí)任何語(yǔ)言的基本技能之一。語(yǔ)言技能有四種,即聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀和寫(xiě),其中說(shuō)和寫(xiě)的技能屬于主動(dòng)性技能,比較難掌握,而聽(tīng)和讀的技能屬于被動(dòng)性技能,比較容易掌握。閱讀技能相對(duì)來(lái)講是最容易掌握的技能。為什么閱讀技能會(huì)比較容易掌握,因?yàn)槿藗冊(cè)陂喿x時(shí),可以自己控制閱讀速度,可以查閱字典,壓力較少,因此比較容易達(dá)到人們的閱讀目的。本文將以一些閱讀實(shí)例,來(lái)討論英語(yǔ)閱讀技能和技巧,及其掌握學(xué)習(xí)的方法。 英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言教學(xué)和研究人員對(duì)英語(yǔ)閱讀技能和技巧的分類(lèi)有所不同,但基本上可分為四種。第一種是精讀(intensive reading skill);第二種是泛讀(extensive reading skill);第三種是略讀(skimming reading skill);第四種是掠讀(scanning reading skill);每種閱讀技能和技巧都有其特點(diǎn)和要求,下面分別對(duì)這四種閱讀技能和技巧做一些介紹。 精讀技能 精讀(Intensive Reading)在四種閱讀技能和技巧中要求最高,對(duì)所閱讀的文章,要做到逐字細(xì)讀,不但要了解文章的主題思想和內(nèi)容,了解文章的文法結(jié)構(gòu),而且要掌握每個(gè)字詞的意義和用法,必要時(shí)還需要把文章翻譯成中文。精讀閱讀技能是學(xué)習(xí)和研究英語(yǔ)的人或從事翻譯人員必需要掌握的技能,但對(duì)只需要查閱英語(yǔ)科技文獻(xiàn)和信息的科技工作者,在多數(shù)情況下不需要使用精讀技能。運(yùn)用精讀技能,不是看文章的長(zhǎng)短,而在于是否需要對(duì)所閱讀的英語(yǔ)資料文章做深度了解和研究。 下面以一則英語(yǔ)新聞為例,來(lái)簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明通過(guò)精讀,要到達(dá)什么樣的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)? 英語(yǔ)原文:(此文摘自2000年3月25日美國(guó)加利福尼亞州硅谷地區(qū)一份非常具有權(quán)威性的,以科技消息為主的報(bào)紙《圣荷西水星報(bào)(San Jose Mercury News)》商業(yè)版C1科技新聞部分) IBM Developing chips for TV set-top boxes Computer giant IBM said Friday it is developing chips for televison set-top boxes that will transform TV sets into interactive, two-way information appliances. By Computing PowerPC processors and television set-top box components into a single "system-on-a-chip," the Armonk, N.Y., company aims toimprove system performance and lower prices. "The PowerPc is an ideal chip because it has a good radio of power consumption, performance and low cost,”said Tom Haffhil, an analyst for MicroDesign Resource. 分析:本文是一則新聞,報(bào)導(dǎo)美國(guó)IBM公司研發(fā)新產(chǎn)品的消息,其標(biāo)題是IBM Developing chips for TV set-top boxes,意為“IBM公司研發(fā)電視機(jī)頂盒芯片” 這篇短文共有81個(gè)字,三個(gè)句子,二個(gè)復(fù)合句,其中有一個(gè)是直接引語(yǔ),還有一簡(jiǎn)單句。 第一句:" Computer giant IBM saidFriday it is developing chipsfor televison set-top boxes that will transform TV sets into interactive, two-way information appliances. "這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句,主句含賓語(yǔ)從句“said: "Friday it is...... information appliance.",賓語(yǔ)從句中含有定語(yǔ)從句“that will transform TV sets into interactive, two-way information appliances"修飾詞組“televsion set-top boxes"。 第二句:“By Computing PowerPC processors and television set-top box components into asingle "system-on-a-chip," the Armonk, N.Y., company aims to improve system performance and lower prices." 這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句,主語(yǔ)是"the Armonk, N.Y., company",謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是"aims",“to improve......"是不定式短語(yǔ),作為目的狀語(yǔ),說(shuō)明"aims"目的是什么。"By Computing PowerPC....."是介詞By引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ),也是狀語(yǔ),表示“aims"的手段。 第三句:"The PowerPc is an ideal chip because it has a good radio of power consumption, performance and low cost,” said Tom Haffhil, an analyst for MicroDesign Resource."這是一個(gè)有直接引語(yǔ)的復(fù)合句,引號(hào)內(nèi)為直接引語(yǔ),它是一個(gè)復(fù)合句,其中"The PowerPc is an ideal chip"是主句,"because it has......"是原因狀語(yǔ),修飾主句。Tom Haffhil是主句的主語(yǔ),an analyst for MicroDesign Resource是同位語(yǔ),修飾主語(yǔ)Tom Haffhil的身份,said是主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。 只有在了解了句子結(jié)構(gòu)后,才能準(zhǔn)確理解文章內(nèi)容。除此之外,還要對(duì)文章的詞匯含義,時(shí)態(tài)等做分析。到此,只是按精讀的要求,做了很少的一部分分析,還有許多細(xì)節(jié)要討論。由于文章篇幅限制,就不再做更進(jìn)一步的分析了。精讀技能不是一朝夕就能學(xué)會(huì)的,它需要有比較全面的英語(yǔ)知識(shí),需要通過(guò)大量的閱讀訓(xùn)練才能掌握好。 另外三種閱讀技能和技巧,對(duì)需要及時(shí)了解大量英語(yǔ)科技信息的人們,更為實(shí)用,使用頻率高,也比較容易掌握。熟練掌握了這三種英語(yǔ)閱讀技能和技巧,對(duì)提高精讀技能水平很有幫助。 泛讀技能 泛讀(Extensive Reading)顧名思義可以知道它是要廣泛的閱讀,通過(guò)閱讀大量英語(yǔ)文章,來(lái)提高英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)感和擴(kuò)大知識(shí)面。泛讀沒(méi)有什么特別要求,關(guān)鍵在于一個(gè)量。如果能堅(jiān)持經(jīng)常閱讀一定數(shù)量的英語(yǔ)文章,每周閱讀二至三篇文章即可。英語(yǔ)文章長(zhǎng)度可長(zhǎng)可短,因人而異。科技人員工作忙,時(shí)間少,開(kāi)始做泛讀練習(xí)時(shí),可以從500字開(kāi)始,以后逐漸增加長(zhǎng)度,一般控制在2000至3000字左右為宜。如果能堅(jiān)持下去,一年以后,英語(yǔ)水平一定會(huì)有很大提高,到那時(shí)自己可以感覺(jué)出來(lái)這種變化。 有一點(diǎn)要注意的是,選擇泛讀文章題材要盡量多樣化,這樣才能保證知識(shí)和詞匯涵蓋面。如果時(shí)間有限,當(dāng)然也可以只選擇與自己專(zhuān)業(yè)相關(guān)題材的文章。盡量選擇一些自己感興趣的文章,是一個(gè)能保證泛讀訓(xùn)練持久的好辦法。 在做泛讀練習(xí)時(shí),要求雖然不像精讀那樣嚴(yán)格,但是必須要從頭到尾把文章讀完,對(duì)文章的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)和句子要有所理解。為了達(dá)到這樣的要求,最好根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容或特點(diǎn),事先提出一些問(wèn)題,在閱讀之后,回答這些問(wèn)題,以鞏固閱讀效果。下面一些問(wèn)題可以作為泛讀練習(xí)提問(wèn)的內(nèi)容參考。 1. What is main theme of the article? 文章的主題思想是什么? 2. How many paragraphs does this article have? 此文有幾個(gè)段落? 3. What is the topic sentenceof each paragraph? 每段的主題句是什么? 4. Pick up the sentences you are most interested and analyze them. 挑選出你最感興趣的句子,并做分析。 5. List the important and useful words and phrases.記錄下重要的和有用的單詞和短語(yǔ)。 除了上面這些問(wèn)題外,讀者也可以加上自己想要回答的問(wèn)題。初級(jí)英語(yǔ)讀者可以先用中文提問(wèn)題,隨著水平的提高,逐步直接用英語(yǔ)提問(wèn)題。 略讀技巧 略讀(Skimming)是一種快速閱讀技巧,在查詢(xún)大量英語(yǔ)文獻(xiàn)時(shí)非常有用。略讀是快速閱讀文章,目的是了解文章主題思想。略讀時(shí)不需要逐字去讀,而是尋找文章內(nèi)關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ),主題句,從而了解文章的主題思想。在這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)上,決定是否選取此資料,是否需要進(jìn)一步精讀。現(xiàn)在以下面的短文為例,說(shuō)明如何運(yùn)用略讀技技巧,找出此文的主題思想。In Praise of New York City (Excerpt)It might appear to any casual visitor who may have taken a few rides about town in a taxicab that all New Yorkers are filled with aloudmouthed ill will toward each other. The fact of the matter is, though, that however cold and cruel thingsseem on the surface, there has never been a society of people in all history with somuch compassions for its fellow man. It clothes, feeds, and houses 15 percent of its own because 1.26 million people in New York are unable to do it for themselves. Your couldn't call that cold or cruel. Everyone must have seen pictures at least of the great numberof poor people who live in New York. And it seems strange, in view of this, that so many people come here seeking their fortune or maybe someone else's. But if anything aboutthe city's population is moreis more impressive than the great number of poor people. There's no need to search forburied treasure in New York. The great American dream is out in the open for everyone to see and to reach for. No one seems to resent the very rich. It must be because eventhose people who can never realistically believe. They'll get rich themselves can still dream about it. Andthey respond to the hope of getting what they see others having. Their hope alone seems to be enough to sustainthem. The woman going into Tiffany's to buy another diamond pin can pass within ten feet of a man without money enough for lunch. They are oblivious to each other. He feels no envy; she no remorse.There's a disregard for the past in New York that dismayseven a lot of New Yorkers. Itis true that no one pays muchattention to antiquity. The immigrants who came here camefor something new, and what New York used to be means nothing to them. Their heritage is somewhere else. Old million-dollar buildings are constantly being torn down and replaced by new fifty-million-dollar ones. InLondon, Rome, Paris, much of the land has only been built on once in all their long history. In relatively new New York, some lots have already been built on four times. Because strangers only see New Yorkers in transit, they leave with th【閱讀英語(yǔ)科技文章的技能和技巧簡(jiǎn)述】相關(guān)文章:
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