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考研閱讀理解Part A命題規(guī)律與答題技巧：（一）
閱讀理解Part A試題在考查內(nèi)容上大致可分為五種類型：1)主旨大意題；2)事實細節(jié)題；3)語義理解題；4) 觀點態(tài)度題和5)推理判斷題。按出現(xiàn)頻率由高到低分別是：事實細節(jié)題、推理判斷題、主旨大意題、語義理解題和觀點態(tài)度題。
下面我們來分別評述各類題型的命題特點與解題思路。
(一)主旨大意題
1．主旨大意題的種類及題干表現(xiàn)形式
1）從考查的對象上劃分，主旨大意題可分為兩種：
A篇章主旨：針對全文的主題進行提問。主題句出現(xiàn)在首段的居多，其次是末段或為幾段主題的綜合。
B段落主旨：針對某一段或幾段的主題提問。主題句可能是段落的首句、末句，也可能不在此(幾)句，需要從上下文中尋找或總結(jié)。
2）從考查的內(nèi)容上劃分，還可分為主題類(內(nèi)容)(考查文章或段落的主旨大意)、目的類(考查文章或段落的寫作目的)和標(biāo)題類(要求考生選出文章的最佳標(biāo)題)三種。
主旨大意題經(jīng)常用main idea, main point, key point, main topic, mainly discuss, mainly explain, is mainly about; purpose; best title等詞語來表達。比如：
(1)What is the main idea of the passage?
(2)What is the key/main point of the passage?
(3)The passage is mainly about ____.
(4)The passage is mainly concerned about ____.
(5)The passage mainly discusses ____.
(6)This passage was written to explain ____.
(7)The passage mainly deals with ____.
(8)What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?
(9)Which sentence best summarizes the article?
(10)The purpose of this passage is ____.
(11)The passage is intended to ____.
(12)In this passage the author tries to ____.
(13)Which of the following could be the best title for the passage?
(14)The best title for the text may be ____.
2.主旨大意題的命題規(guī)律
1）段首、段尾句�？迹憾问住⒍挝簿湟话惚磉_了文章的中心思想，或者就是該段的主題句，對全文或全段起著提綱挈領(lǐng)的作用。
2）語義轉(zhuǎn)折處�？迹河绕涫嵌问椎恼Z義轉(zhuǎn)折，其后面往往是作者真實的寫作目的或基本觀點，即文章的中心思想所在。
3）因果句常考：因果句通�？梢员憩F(xiàn)出作者的意圖、觀點甚至全文的主題，因此成為考點。
3.主旨大意題干擾項與正確選項的特點
1）干擾項特點：
A局部信息：涉及文章的某一細節(jié)，犯了以偏概全的錯誤。
B涉及某一自然段的大意，而非整篇文章的中心思想，犯了歸納不夠的錯誤。
C選項概括范圍太寬，其內(nèi)容超出文章闡述的部分，犯了歸納過頭的錯誤。這類干擾項常常在提問文章標(biāo)題的題目中出現(xiàn)。
D與文章內(nèi)容毫不相干或與文章內(nèi)容相悖。
2）正確選項的特點：
A含有抽象名詞和概括性詞語的選項往往是正確答案。一般來說，句子中含有approach, concept, chance, opportunity, various, both, general, many, difficult(y), way, necessary, necessity, importance等詞的是正確答案。
B這類題的答案往往在內(nèi)容相近的選項中。
C較全面、有針對性地表達文章中心思想的選項一般是答案項。
4．主旨大意題答題技巧例解
這類題型主要測試考生對文章某一段或全篇大意的把握。做這類題時，首先要找到主題句。但考研題中很少直接考主題句，主題句的作用在于幫助我們正確理解文章，然后經(jīng)過分析、推理得出正確答案。
1）時間緊迫的情況下，只讀首尾段，答案很可能就在這些段落中。例如：
Bill Gates, the billionaire Microsoft chairman without a single earned university degree, is by his success raising new doubts about the worth of the business world's favorite academic title: the MBA (Master of Business Administration) ...
Q: What is the passage mainly about?
[A]Why there is an increased enrolment in MBA programs ____.
[B]The necessity of reforming MBA programs in business schools ____.
[C]Doubts about the worth of holding an MBA degree ____.
[D]A debate held recently on university campuses ____.
答案是[C]。文章的第一段(上文)第一句作者就點明了本文的主題是對MBA價值的懷疑，即答案[C]。
2) 注意文中出現(xiàn)頻率高的單詞。 這些關(guān)鍵詞在文中多次出現(xiàn)，常常是表達主題的主要措辭。例如：
Early in the age of affluence that followed World War II, an American retailing analyst named Victor Lebow proclaimed, "Our enormously productive economy... demands that we make consumption our way of life, that we convert the buying and use of goods into rituals, that we seek our spiritual satisfaction, our ego satisfaction, in consumption.... We need things consumed, burned up, worn out, replaced and discarded at an ever increasing rate."
Americans have responded to Lebow's call, and much of the world has followed. Consumption has become a central pillar of life in industrial lands and is even embedded in social values. Opinion surveys in the world's two largest economies—Japan and the United States—show consumerist definitions of success becoming ever more prevalent.
Over-consumption by the world's fortunate is an environmental problem unmatched in severity by anything but perhaps population growth. Their surging exploitation of resources threatens to exhaust or unalterably spoil forests, soils, water, air and climate.
Ironically, high consumption may be a mixed blessing in human terms, too. The time-honored values of integrity of character, good work, friendship, family and community have often been sacrificed in the rush to riches.
Thus many in the industrial lands have a sense that their world of plenty is somehow hollow—that, misled by a consumerist culture, they have been fruitlessly attempting to satisfy what are essentially social, psychological and spiritual needs with material things.
Of course, the opposite of over-consumption—poverty—is no solution to either environmental or human problems. It is infinitely worse for people and bad for the natural world too. Dispossessed peasants slash-and-burn their way into the rain forests of Latin America, and hungry nomads turn their herds out onto fragile African grassland, reducing it to desert.
If environmental destruction results when people have either too little or too much, we are left to wonder how much is enough. What level of consumption can the earth support? When does having more cease to add noticeably to human satisfaction?
Q: It can be inferred from the passage that ____.
[A]human spiritual needs should match material affluence
[B]there is never an end to satisfying people's material needs
[C]whether high consumption should be encouraged is still an issue
[D]how to keep consumption at a reasonable level remains a problem
答案是[D]。這是一道需經(jīng)過推理的主旨大意題(當(dāng)然也可以歸為推理判斷題)。瀏覽全文我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)，一些詞連續(xù)多次出現(xiàn)，如“consumption”，“consume”，“consumerist”，“over-consumption”。由此可知，文章大意與“consumption”有關(guān)。[A]、[B]均未提及，可以排除；[C]雖然提及“consumption”，但文中沒有說是否鼓勵高消費仍然是一個問題；文章最后一段說If environmental destruction results when people have either too little or too much, we are left to wonder how much is enough. What level of consumption can the earth support? When does having more cease to add noticeably to human satisfaction? 大意是：如果人們擁有太多或太少都會使環(huán)境遭到破壞，那么到底擁有多少才是足夠的呢?地球能支撐什么樣的消費水平?擁有多少才能滿足人們的需要呢?可見作者是在說怎樣維持合理的消費水平仍然是一個問題, 這正是本文的主題，因此正確答案為[D]。
3)從選項內(nèi)容判斷答案。一般來說，那些概括全文，含義深刻，說明道理的選項是答案。例如：
The attention-getting property of commercials can be seen by observing one-to-two-year-old children who happen to be playing around a television set. They may totally ignore the programming. However, when a commercial comes on, their attention is immediately drawn to it because of its dramatic sound quality.
Q: In the passage, the author is trying to tell us ____.
[A]how TV ads vary vocal sounds to attract attention
[B]how the loudness of TV ads is overcome
[C]how advertisers control the sound properties of TV ads
[D]how the attention-getting properties of sounds are made use of TV ads
答案是[D]。[A]屬于具體細節(jié)；[B]、[C]與文章主題不相關(guān)。文章通篇講的
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