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英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)考試歷年真題試卷及答案
在學(xué)習(xí)和工作的日常里，只要有考核要求，就會(huì)有試卷，試卷是是資格考試中用以檢驗(yàn)考生有關(guān)知識(shí)能力而進(jìn)行人才篩選的工具。大家知道什么樣的試卷才是好試卷嗎？以下是小編收集整理的英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)考試歷年真題試卷及答案，歡迎大家分享。
英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)考試歷年真題試卷及答案1
四級(jí)作文
問題：假設(shè)你的大學(xué)正在就大學(xué)圖書館是否應(yīng)該向公眾開放征求學(xué)生的意見
范文參考：In the modern era,there is aheated debate regarding whether theuniversitys library should be open to the public.Some believe thatit will do us more good than harm,while others argue that it wilpose a threat to the order and operation of the university.In myview,the university authorities shouldbe cautious about offeringthe outsiders an access to such an important venue,
Above all,the library,serving as a critical academic facility as well asan indispensable researchsite for both students and teachers,issupposed to keep those limited valuable resourcesto its authorizedusers.If the university choosesto open the library to the public,it ishighly possible that a mass of people will rush into this place,leavingmany college students and teachersunable to complete their aca-demic work.Furthermore,when too many citizens crowd into thelibrary,there will be unnecessary talking,laughing,quarreling oreven chasing,incurring disorder of one kind oranother.
In conclusion,the merits of such a practice outweigh the demerits.Therefore,opening the universitys library tothe public must neverbe put on the universitys agenda.
四級(jí)翻譯
農(nóng)歷(the lunar calendar)起源于數(shù)千年前的中國(guó)，根據(jù)太陽(yáng)和月亮的運(yùn)行規(guī)律制定。長(zhǎng)期以來農(nóng)歷在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和人們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪邪l(fā)揮著重要作用。古人依據(jù)農(nóng)歷記錄日期，安排農(nóng)活，以便最有效地利用自然資源和氣候條件，提者農(nóng)作物的產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量。中國(guó)的春節(jié)、中秋節(jié)等傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日的日期都基于農(nóng)歷。農(nóng)歷是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的重要組成部分，當(dāng)今依然廣為使用。
The lunar calendar,which originated from China thousandsof years ago,was set by themoving law of the sun and themoon.For a long period of time,such a calenda has playeda very important role inagricultural production and peoplesdaily life.Ancient Chinese arranged their farm work by thedate of the lunar calendar to make the best use of natural re-sources and climate and improve the quality and yield ofcrops.Traditional Chinese festivals such as the Spring Festi-val and the Mid-autumn Festival are based on the lunar cal-endar.It is a significant part of traditionalChinese culturewhich is still widely used today.
四級(jí)閱讀
選詞填空，文章開頭A team of researchers led by Priyanka...
26-35 OBCAD MNIFE
26.0)ultimate
27.B)attaining
30.D)difficultark
28.C)conclusion
29.A)approximately
30.D)difficult
31.M)significantly
32.N)source
33.I)manipulated
34.F)fixed
35.E)emerges
文章標(biāo)題 How to better work towards long-term goals
答案速查36-40 ICMFA
36.Our brains are genetically determined tosatisfyimmediate desires.
【1】定位：Our brains are hard-wired for instantgratification.
37.Taken in a practical way,saving for post-workyears is likegiving money away to others.
【C】定位：Understand inthat way,saving forretirementisthe equivalent of giving money awayto someone elseentirely.
38.Research found that,as regards achievementof onesgoals,it is important to focus more onenjoyingthe processthan the long-term benefits.
【M】定位：These findings suggest that whedit話comes toachieving your goals,enjoving theprocess itself is moreimportant than wanting thelong-term benefits.
39.Regarding our future selves as still beingourselves willhelp us makě better long-termdecisions.
【F】定位：If the central problem..,it follows thattrying toidentify more closelywith our future語(yǔ)selves will encourageus to make better long-termdecisions.
40.Savings rates in America have dropped inrecent decadeseven though peoples lifeexpectancy has increased.
【A】定位：Across the board,people are livinglonger...Andyet,saving rates in the U.S.have gonedown in recent decade,not up.
文章標(biāo)題How to better work towards long-term goals
答案速查41-45 KELBG
41.Researchers found that enjoyment rather thanimportance enabled peoplé to persist in theirgoals.
【K】定位：We found that enjoyment predictedpeople’sgoal persistence two months aftersetting the goal far morethan how important theyratedtheir goalto be,Woolley said.
42.When making decisions,we give priorityto ourcurrentframe of mind without thinking much ofthe consequences.
【E】定位：…but in daing so,we prioritize ourcurrent moodover the consequences of our火央inaction forthfuture slf.
43.People ate more of a healthyfood when theyfocused onits good taste instead of its long-termbenefits.
【L】定位：For example,people ate 50%more of ahealthyfood when directed to focus on the goodtaste rather thanthe long-termhealth benefits.
44.As was expected,when people thought of theirpresentselves,their brains were observed tobecome more active.
【B】定位：Unsurprisingly,people’s brains weremost activewhen thinking about their currentselves and...
45.Researchers found thatparticipants who sawtheimagesof their aged selves would save morefor their later years thanthose who didnt.
【G】定位：Participants who saw their aged selvessaid theywould save 30%moreof their salary fordretirement than thecontrol group.
Passage One文章開頭 People often wonder why some entrepreneurs..
答案46-50 BADCB
46.What does the authorsay we need to do tostrengthen ourwillpower?
B)Applyit continuously.
47.How arealmost halfof our daily actionsperformedaccording to the passage?
A)Out of habit.
48.What will help peoplestick to doingsomethingconstructive automatically?
D)Foreseeing the desiredoutcome it will yield.
49.How does the artof self-control help ussucceed?
C)Byenabling us to take positive actions.
50.Why can it be difficult for us to maintain self-control?
B)We may not get immediate rewardfrom self-control.
Passage Tow
文章開頭 Today,most scientific research is funded bygovernment
答案51-55 DBACC
51.What does the passage mainly discussregarding scientificresearch?
D)Its funding.
52.Whatdo we learnfrom the passage aboutresearchers like
birdwatchers and rock collectors?
B)They can do research with limited resources.
53.Whatwould scientific studies look like in aperfect worldaccording to the author?
A)They would be totally unbiased.
54.What does the authorsay aboutcompaniesand specialinterest groups?
C)They provide valuable resources for scientificresearch.
55.What does the author think of research fundedbyindustry or specialinterest group?
C)It’s validity should be checked with additional care.
四級(jí)聽力
NEWS 1
Six people had to move away from their home toanother place after a fire broke out in a building onMain Street Saturday,officials said.Firefightersresponded to the three story building shortly after 1p.
m.for a reported structure fire.According to NorwalkDeputy FireChief Adam Markiewicz.
Markiewicz said crews encountered heavy smokecoming from the second floor when they arrived.Ateam of about 25 firefighters then spent about 25minutes extinguishing the flames.Officials describedthe structure as a mixed use building that featurescommercial businesses on the first floor andresidential on the second and third floors.
Town records list four apartments in the building.Dueto smoke and heat damage,the four apartments weredeclared uninhabitable,and the six residents had tomove to another place,officials said.No injuries werereported in connection with the fire.The Norwalk FireMarshal is investigating the cause and origin of thefire.
Q1:Why did the 6 residents haveto find another placeto stay?
Q2:What does the news report say the Norwalk FireMarshal is doing?
NEWS 2
A new study has cast doubt on historic research,suggesting that the season or month of someones birth isassociated with an increased risk of certain mental healthconditions.The study looks at symptoms of anxiety anddepression among more than 70,000 older adults inEurope.A number of past studies have found the linkbetween season of birth and mental health diagnoses.
Researchers have suggested that such links could arisefrom various things.These include nutrient intake,sunexposure,climate,and disease exposure varying across thecourse of the year.However,evidence has been mixed.More recent studies have suggested thatfactors such associal class oreconomicbackground have more to do withthese diagnoses thanmonth of birth.
Overall,the new study found no significant relationshipbetween participants month of birth and symptoms ofdepression or anxiety.There was some variability in somecountries.In Poland,depressive symptoms fluctuated alittle depending on birth month.In the Czech Republic,thesame was true of anxiety symptoms.But on the whole,there was no systematic pattern.
Q3:What have a number of past studies found aboutseason of birth?
Q4:What did the new study find about the relationshipbetween participantsmonth of birth and symptoms ofdepression?
NEWS 3
Genetic researchers in China have made a clone of astar police dog.The clone was born in a laboratory inBeijing in December.Tests show that the clone andher mother are almost identical genetically.Themother dog helped solve multiple murders and manyother crimes.The clone has already performed betterthan traditionally bred dogs on several tests.
If the clone continues to perform as well as expected,itcould mean a huge reduction in thetraining time forpolice dogs,which usually takes about fiveyears.Theultimate goal of scientists is to produce clones oftalented police dogs that can be trained in monthsinstead of years.However,this goal is not yet possibledue to thecurrent costs ofthe technology.
This is not the first time a clone has been made of astar police dog.In South Korea,six clones beganworking with the police in 2008.
Q5:What do the researchers tests show about thecloned dog?
Q6:What is the scientists purpose in cloning policedogs?
Q7:Why does the news report say the scientists goal isnot yet possible?
Conversation 1
W:Tom,did you see the article online about the new TV seriesbased on the book The Three Body Problem?
M:A colleague mentioned the book,but Ive been so busywritingmythesis that I havent been able to read for pleasure in months.W:Well,soundslike if youre going to read anything for fun,this isthe book.Its written by a Chinese science fiction writer.I cantremember his name,but hes written three books in all,and TheThree Body Problem is the first inthe series.I dont wantto say toomuch and spoil it for you,but its definitely got some amazingtechnological and sociological concepts in it.
M:It does soundlike itwould suit my taste,but if they are makingaTV series based on it now,I dont know ifI should read the book orwatch the show first.
W:I think its better to read the book first.Its rare for the show ormovie to be better than the book.And then,you just end upruining the book for yourself,ifthe show isntvery good.
M:When is the show supposed to start?Im a bit overwhelmed withthe amount of data I still need to collect to finish my thesis.But Istill need to relax sometimes.
W:I cant remember exactly.Its pretty soon,and its going to bequite long.There are 24 episodes.Well,maybe you coulddownload an electronic copyof the book and try to read it beforethe show starts
M:Thats a good idea.And then,maybe we can watch the seriestogether.Thanks forthe tip,Alice.No problem.
Q8:How did the man getto know aboutthe book The Three BodyProblem?
Q9:What does the woman say she cant remember about thebooks author?
Q10:What does the man haveto do tofinish his thesis?
Q11:What will the man most probably do first aftertheconversation?
Conversation 2
W:Hello,good afternoon.I have an inquiry to make.Itsabout thevegetarian food festival you are holding on the 19thof August at the Newcastle City Hall.
M:Yes,ofcourse.My names Philip.How can I help you?
W:It says on your website that you are still looking forvendors,and I grow organic vegetables on my farm,as well asdoing my own home baking.Would I be able to sell both thevegetables and items baked from them at the festival?
M:Thats exactly the type of thing we are looking for.Weregetting close to the deadline,however.Do you prefer to fillout an application on the web,or to print it out and fill it in byhand and then post it back to us?Remember that you willhave to have all your certificates to hand when you are fillingout the forms,as the standards are high and they will becarefully checked before anyone will be able to sell theirproduce at the event.
W:I should be fine with doing it on your website,and I alreadyhave all my certificates,as we run a small farm shop too.Butcan you give me yourdetails anyway?
M:Sure.Please address it to the Organic Organization,VendorApplications,112 Queens Road,Newcastle,Northumbria.The postcode is NU 293LJ.Remember that the closing dateis next Tuesday,the 28th of June.
W:Thats absolutely wonderful.Thank you so much for yourhelp.Goodbye.
Q12:why does the woman call the man?
Q13:what is the man still lookingfor?
Q14:what does the man say?They are getting close to.
Q15:what does the man finallyask the woman to remember?
Passage 1
Supporters call it wild camping.Opponents call itillegal camping.What both sides accept is that there has been a boom in the pastfew months,with increasing numbers of visitors pitching theirtents on any bit of land theyfancy in the UK.In part,this reflectsthe factthat official campsites have been wholly or partiallyclosed,or are overflowing,in a summer when fewer people aregoing abroad.
It is also cheap,at a time when many are worried about whattheeconomic future holds.Butit may alsobe an expression ofadesire forgoingoutdoors.Aresponse to themonths of lockdown.Most of the coverage ofthe boom in wild campinghas beennegative.Camping in public parks has now been banned forAugust and the early part of September because campers dumplitter,human waste,and even their tents on the grassland.
Similar action has been taken even in Scotland,wherecamping isusually permitted on most of its open land.Clearly,there have tobe rules.It would make sensethatwild campers need to ask forpermission to camp from landowners,especially outside Scotland,wherethe law is far more restrictive.It would be common senseforpeople to use small tentsand leave no trace of their visit.
They have been attracted by a patch ofland that is close towilderness,and itis their responsibility to keep it that way.
Q16:Why has wild camping become popular in the UK?
Q17:Why is campingbanned for partof the summer in publicparks?
Q18:What does the speaker suggestcampers do?
Passage 2
Imagine boating down the Amazon River,minding your ownbusiness,calmly keepingan eye outfor alarmingly large snakes,and a curious pink dolphin appears to swim alongside.While thismay seem like a mythical creature,pink dolphinsdo exist in theAmazon region.The Amazon River Dolphin is a giant among itsspecies.
It can measure up to2 meters long and weigharound 204kilograms.Size isnt the only thing that setsthe Amazon RiverDolphin apart.Thriving in South American rivers and temporarylakes caused byseasonal flooding,this freshwater dolphin issometimes shockingly pink.Although born gray,males of thespecies are easilyidentified as they enter adulthood bya decisivepinkshade.
Their unusual coloringis believed to be the result ofscar tissuefromdolphin fights,whetherplay fighting or a seriousbid for amate.The deeper the pink,the more attractivethe males arebelieved to be,and the older the male,the more pink he will have.Theres also a theory that this color helps thedolphins more readilyblend in withtheir surroundings.
During heavy rains,rivers along the Amazon rainforestturn a pinkshade,and with Male dolphins are harderto detect.The Amazonwetland system,fed by the Amazon River,is a crucial place for pinkdolphinsto breed.And,since 2018,has been grantedinternationally protected status.
Q19:Whatdoes the passage say about pink dolphins?
Q20:What is the unusual coloring of pink dolphins believed tooriginate in?
Q21:What has become of the Amazon wetland system since 2018?
Passage 3
In a new Merrill Lynch Age Wave survey,a full 70 percent of the earlyadults said theyve received financial support from their parents inthe past year,and 58 percent said they couldnt afford their currentlifestyles without it.The most common types of financial supportinclude cell phone plans,food,school costs and car expenses.
Parental financial support of early adults,said Ken Dichtwald,CEO ofAge Wave,is the new normal.But 64 percent of theyoung adultssurveyed said parents financial support to children aged 25-34 is abad thing,because it makes thosekids dependent.By contrast,only29 percentthought supporting men and women aged 18-24 is bad.
The remaining 71 percent thought that assistance helps the adultchildren get ahead.Dick Fould believes the young women and mensurveyed were saying that by 25,young adultsought to be financiallyindependent.In fact,the respondents said financial independencedefines adulthood.Financial independence is something they werestruggling with and challengedby.
And it scared them a bit,Dichtwald said.One big reason theyrestruggling is attributed to college loans,of which the averageamounts to $37,000.Many ofthe parents havetaken on college loansfor the kids too,sometimes at the expense of their own finances.Inthe survey,60 percent of early adults define financial success asbeing debt-free.Whether thats likely,or even possible,anytimesoon,is anyones guess.
Q22:What do we learn from a new survey by Merrill Lynch Age Wave?
Q23:Why did most young adults in the survey sayfinancialsupport tochildren aged 25-34 is a bad thing?
Q24:What did the respondents in the survey say regarding financialindependence?
Q25:What is one big reason young adults are struggling?
英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)考試歷年真題試卷及答案2
Directions:In this part there are four passages.Each passage is followed byfour comprehension questions.Read the passage and answer the questions.Then mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.
Passage 1
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:
Some years ago the captain of a ship was very interested in medicine.He always took medicine books to sea and liked to talk about different diseases.
One day a lazy sailor on his ship pretended to be ill.He lay on his bunk(鋪)and groaned as if he were very sick.The captain came to see him and was very pleased to have a patient to look after.He told the man to rest for a few days and made the other sailors do his work.Three days later another sailor pretended that he had something wrong with his chest.Once more the captain looked in his medical books and told “sick” man to have a rest.
The other sailors were very angry because they had more work to do.The patients had the best food and laughed at their friends when the captain was not looking.At last the mate(船長(zhǎng)副手)decided to cure the “sick” men.He mixed up some soap,soot(煙灰),glue(膠水)and other unpleasant things.Then he obtained permissionfromthe captain to give his medicine to the “sick” men.When they tasted the medicine,they really did feel ill.It was so horrible that one of the patients jumped out of hi bunk,ran up on desk and climbed the highest mast on the ship.He did not want any more medicine.
The mate told both of the men that they must take the medicine every half an hour,night and day.This soon cured them.They both said they felt better and wanted to start word again.The captain realized that the men tried to deceive him so he made them work very hard for the rest of the voyage.
1.The first sailor pretended to be ill because he wanted to.
A.test the captain’s knowledge of medicine B.be freefromwork
C.have the best food on the ship D.play a joke on his friends
2.When the captain knew a sailor was ill,he.
A.didn’t care much B.sent for a doctor
C.looked after him and told him to have a rest D.gave him some medicine
3.The patients felt better quickly because.
A.they had been given proper medicine
B.they learned that the captain had found out the truth
C.they were laughed at by their friends
D.the medicine the mate gave was horrible
4.When the captain knew he had been deceived,he.
A.told them not to do so again B.lost his temper
C.made them work harder D.fired them
5.Which of the following best summarizes the passage?
A.A sudden Cure.B.Two Patients.C.Captain and Sailors.D.A Difficult Voyage.
Passage 2
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:
When aluminum was first produced about a hundred and fifty years ago,it was so difficult to separate form the ores in which it was found that its price was higher than that of gold.The price remained high until a new process was discovered for refining the metal with the aid of electricity approximately three quarters of a century later.The new method was so much cheaper that aluminum because practical for many purposes,one of which was making pots and pans.
Aluminum is lightweight,rustproof and easily shaped into different forms.By mixing it with other metals,scientists have been able to produce a variety of alloys,some of which have the strength of steel but weigh only one third as much.
Today,the uses of aluminum are innumerable.Perhaps its most important use is in transportation.Aluminum is found in the engine of automobiles,in the hulls of boats.It is also used in many parts of airplanes.In fact,the huge “airbus” planes would probably never have been produced if aluminum did not exist.By making vehicles lighter in weight aluminum has greatly reduced the amount of fuel needed to move them,Aluminum is also being used extensively in the building industry in some countries.
Since aluminum is such a versatile(多用的)metal,it is fortunate that bauxite(鋁土礦),which is one of its chief sources,is also one of the earth’s most plentiful substances.As the source of aluminum is almost inexhaustible,we can expect that more and more uses will be found for this versatile metal.
6.The price of aluminum was sharply reduced when people discovered a new refining process with the aid of.
A.wind B.solar energy C.hydraulic power D.electricity
7.Aluminum is.
A.lightweight,rustproof but not easily shaped into different forms
B.heavyweight,rustproof and easily shaped into different forms
C.lightweight,rustproof and easily shaped into different forms
D.lightweight and easily shaped into different forms but it is easy tobecome rusty
8.Which of the following is NOT true?
A.Aluminum is widely used in transportation.
B.Aluminum is also used in many parts of airplanes.
C.Aluminum is being used extensively in the building industry.
D.Aluminum is not used in its pure form.
9.Aluminum is found on earth mostly in the form of.
A.pure metal B.bauxite C.gold D.liquid
10.What is the passage talking about?
A.The features of aluminum and its functions.B.The process of aluminum.
C.The discovery of aluminum.D.The promising future of aluminum.
Passage 3
Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:
The idea of a special day to honor mothers was first put forward in America in 1907.two years later a woman,Mrs.John Bruce Dodd,in the state of Washington proposed a similar day to honor the head of the family—the father.Her mother died when she was very young,and her father brought her up.She loved her father very much.
In response to Mrs.Dodd’s idea that same year—1909,the state governor of Washington proclaimed(宣布)the third Sunday in June Father’s Day.The idea was officially approved by President Woodrow Wilson in 1916.in 1924,President Calvin Coolidgerecommended national observance of the occasion “to establish more intimate(親密)relations between fathers and their children,and to impress upon fathers the full measure of their obligations.” The red or white rose is recognized as the official Father’s Day flower.
Father’s Day took longer to establish on a national scale than Mother’s Day,but as the idea grained popularity,tradesmen and manufacturers began to seethe commercial possibilities.They encouraged sons and daughters to honor their fathers with small thank-you presents,such as a tie or pair of socks,as well as by sending greeting cards.
During the Second World War,American servicemen stationed in Britain began to request Father’s Day greeting cards to sendhome.This generated a response with British card publishers.Though at first the British public was slow to accept this rather artificial day,it’s now well celebrated in Britain on the third Sunday in June in much the same way as in America.
Father’s Day seems to be much less important as occasion than the Mother’s Day.Not many of the children offer their fathers some presents.But the American fathers still think they are much better fated than the fathers of many other countries,who have not even a day for their sakein nameonly.
11.When did Father’s Day officially begin to have national popularity?
A.1907 B.1909 C.1916 D.1924
12.Who first started the idea of holding the Father’s Day?
A.Mrs.John Bruce Dodd B.Mrs.John Bruce’s Mother
C.The government of Washington.D.Some businessmen.
13.What flower will be popular on Father’s Day?
A.Lily B.Water Lily C.Red rose or white rose D.Sunflower.
14.Which statement is true,a according to this passage?
A.It took even longer for Mother’s Day to gain national popularity.
B.The businessmen helped to make Father’s Day popular.
C.Father’s Day is only celebrated in America.
D.Father’s Day is only a trick of the businessmen to make money.
15.What was the first reaction of the British publishing towards Father’s Day?
A.They thought highly of it and accepted it at once.
B.They just accepted it at once without any hesitation.
C.They just thought it a joke.
D.They thought it was too artificial and took a long time to accept.
Passage 4
Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:
Culture shock is an occupational disease(職業(yè)病)for people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad.
Culture shock is caused by the anxiety that resultsfromlosing all familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.Those signs are as following:when to shake hands and what to say when meet people,when and how to give tips,how to make purchases,when to accept and refuse invitations,when to take statements seriously and when not.These signs,which may be words,gestures,facial expressions,or customs,are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept.All of us dependon hundreds of these signs for our peace of mind and day-to-day efficiency,but we do not carry most at the level of conscious awareness.
Now when an individual enters a strange culture,all or most of these familiar signs are removed.No matter how broadminded or full of good will you may be a series of supports have been knockedfromunder you,followed by a feeling of frustration.When sufferingfromculture shock people first reject the environment which causeddiscomfort.The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad.When foreigners in a strange land get togetherin complain about the host country its people,you can be sure that they are sufferingfromculture shock.
16.According to the passage,culture shock is.
A.an occupational disease of foreign people B.may lead to very serious symptoms
C.actually not a disease D.incurable
17.According to the passage,culture shock resultfrom.
A.the sudden change of social atmosphere and customs
B.the sudden change of our daily habits
C.the sudden loss of our own signs and symbols
D.thediscomfort that we feel when faced with a foreigner
18.Which one of the following may not be a symptom of culture shock?
A.You don’t know how to express your gratitude.
B.You don’t know how to greet other people.
C.You suddenly forget what a word means.
D.You don’t understand why a foreigner shrugs.
19.According to the passage,how would a person who stays abroad most probably react when he is frustrated by the culture shock?
A.He is most likely to refuse to absorb the strange environment at first.
B.He is really to accept the change and adapt himself to the new environment.
C.Although he takes the culture difference for granted,he still doesn’t know how to do with it.
D.He may begin to hate the people or things around him.
20.The main idea of this passage is that.
A.culture shock is an occupational disease
B.culture shock is caused by the anxiety of living in a strange culture
C.culture shock has peculiar symptoms
D.it is very hard to cope with life in a new setting
Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:
In a family where the roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are shared to a greater or lesser extent,notions of male superiority are hard to maintain.The pattern of sharing in tasks and in decisions makes for equality and this in turn leads to further sharing.In such a home,the growing boy and girl learn to accept equality more easily than did their parents and to prepare more fully for participation in a world characterized by cooperation rather by the “battle of the sexes”.
If the process goes too far and man’s role is regarded as less important—and that has happened in some cases—we are as badly off as before,only in reverse.
It is time to reassess the role of the man in the American family.We are getting a little tired of “Monism”—but we don’t want to exchange it for a “neo-Popism”.What we need,rather,is the recognition that bringing up children involves a partnership of equals.There are sings that psychiatrists,psychologists,social workers,and specialists on the family arebecoming more aware of the part men play and that they have decided that women should not receive all the credit—nor the blame.We have almost given up saying that a woman’s place is in the home.We are beginning,however,to analyze man’s place in the home and to insist that he does have a place on it.Nor is that place irrelevant to the healthy development of the child.
The family is a co-operative enterprise for which it is difficult to lay down rules,because each family needs to work out its own ways for solving its own problems.
Excessive authoritarianism(命令主義)has unhappy consequences,whether it wears skirts or trousers,and the ideal of equal rights and equal responsibilities is pertinent(相關(guān)的，切題的)not only to a healthy democracy,but also to a healthy family.
16.The ideal of equal rights and equal responsibilities is.
A.fundamental to a sound democracy B.not pertinent to healthy family life
C.responsible for Monism D.what we have almost given up
17.The danger in the sharing of household tasks by the mother and the father is that.
A.the role of the father maybecome an inferior one
B.the role of the mother maybecome an inferior one
C.the children will grow up believe that life is a battle of sexes
D.sharing leads to constant arguing
18.The author states that bringing up children.
A.is mainly the mother’s job B.belongs among the duties of the father
C.is the job of schools and churches D.involves a partnership of equals
19.According to the author,the father’s role in the home is.
A.minor because he is an ineffectual parent
B.irrelevant to the healthy development of the child
C.pertinent to the healthy development of the child
D.identical to the role of the child’s mother
20.With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree?
A.A healthy,co-operative family is a basic ingredient of a healthy society.
B.Men are basically opposed to sharing household chores.
C.Division of household responsibilities is workable only in theory.
D.A woman’s place is always in the home.
Part II Vocabulary and Structure(共40小題，每小題1分，共40分)
Directions:In this part there are fortyincomplete sentences.Each sentence is followed by four choices.Choose the one thatbest completes the sentence and then mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.
21.The teacher the students on a tour through the art museum.
A.made B.indicated C.forced D.took
22.Tom’s parents died when he was a child,so he was by his relatives.
A.grown up B.brought up C.raised D.fed up
23.Here is my card.Let’s keep in.
A.touch B.relation C.connection D.friendship
24.So far there is no proof peoplefromotherplanets do exist.
A.which B.how C.what D.that
25.The newspapers reported yesterday several on the boundaries of these two countries.
A.incidents B.happenings C.events D.accidents
26.We’ve worked out the plan and now we must put it into.
A.fact B.reality C.practice D.deed
27.He didn’t and so he failed the examination.
A.work enough hard B.hard work enough C.hard enough work D.work hard enough
28.Not until Mr.Smith came to China what kind of country she is.
A.he knew B.he didn’t know C.did he know D.he couldn’t know
29.Scientists say it may be ten years this medicine was put to use.
A.since B.before C.after D.when
30.In some countries,is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people.
A.that B.what C.which D.how
31.We didn’t know his telephone number,otherwise we him.
A.would telephone B.would have telephone
C.had telephoned D.must have telephoned
32.We’ve missed the last bus,I’m afraid we have no but to take a taxi.
A.way B.possibility C.choice D.selection
33.Luckily,most sheep the flood last month.
A.endured B.survived C.lived D.passed
34.My parents always let me have my own of living.
A.way B.method C.manner D.fashion
35.Like other language skills,reading requires practice.
A.the most of B.much of the C.most of the D.more of the
36.It is only through practice one will be able to swim skillfully.
A.what B.who C.that D.which
37.The brain is capable of ignoring pain message of to concentrate on other activities.
A.it allowed B.is it allowed C.allowed D.allowed it
38.Don’t worry,I have already them the decision.
A.informed; with B.informed; of C.informed; for D.informed; that
39.The child was sorry his mother when he arrived at the station.
A.to miss B.having missed C.missing D.to have missed
40.I wonder why he to discuss the problem at the meeting.
A.declined B.rejected C.refused D.delayed
41.You can hang up what you like on these walls.
A.bare B.empty C.blank D.vacant
42.According to a ,the majority would rather have newspapers without a government than a government without newspapers.
A.election B.campaign C.poll D.vote
43.The population of the village has decreased 150 to 500.
A.in B.at C.by D.with
44.It seems that there is that I can’t do.
A.nothing B.anything C.everything D.none
45.They are often caring more about animals than human beings.
A.accused if B.accused with C.charged of D.charged for
46.a good beginning is made,the word is half done.
A.As soon as B.While C.As D.Once
47.George could not his foolish mistake.
A.account in B.count on C.count for D.account for
48.We came into this field late,so we must work hard to the lost time.
A.make up for B.make out C.keep up with D.put up with
49.The new law will came into on the day it is passed.
A.effect B.use C.service D.existence
50.We can separate the mixture into the purechemical compounds itis composed.
A.in which B.of what C.of which D.fromwhich
51.Mrs.Lincoln has that she is unable to get a job.
A.suchsmall education B.solittle education
C.a suchlittle education D.a sosmall education
52.She can’t prevent her little boy shooting birds.
A.from; to B.on; at C.with; up D.from; at
53.Many countries are increasing their use of natural gas,wind and other forms of.
A.energy B.source C.power D.material
54.A darkened sky in the daytime is usually and indication that a storm is.
A.possible coming B.about to take place
C.close by D.expected to be severe
55.We all know that speak louder than words.
A.movements B.performance C.operations D.actions
56.,he could not cover the whole distance in fifteen minutes.
A.Fast as he can B.As he can ran fast
C.If he can ran fast D.Since he ran fast
57.Agricultural production in that country has increased in recent years.
A.vastly B.strikingly C.considerably D.extremely
58.Peter has planned to some money every month so that he can buy a used car next year.
A.set aside B.set up C.set in D.set along
59.Although I spoke to him many times,he never took any of what I said.
A.attention B.notice C.warning D.observation
60.They overcame all the difficulties and fulfilled the plan three months ahead of time,is something we had not expected.
A.that B.what C.it D.which
Part III Cloze(共20小題，每小題1分，共20分)
Directions:There are twenty blanks in the following passage.For each blank there are four choices.Choose the one that best fits into the passage and then marks your answer on the Answer Sheet.
Most Americans don’t like to get advicefrommembers of their family.When they need advice,they don’t usually 61 people they know.62 ,many Americans write letters to newspapers and magazines which give advice 63 many different subjects,including family problem,sex,the use 64 the language,health,cooking,children,and how to buy a house or a car.
65 newspaper regularly print letters 66 readers with problems.Along 67 the letters there are answers written 68 people who are supposed to know how to 69 such problems.Some of these writers are doctors:70 are lawyersor educators.But two of the most famous writers of advice 71 women without special training 72 this kind of work.One of them answers letters 73 to “Dear Abby”.The other is addressed 74 “Dear Ann Landers”.Experience is their preparation for 75 advice.
There is one writer who has not lived long 76 to have much experience.She is agirl named Angel Cavaliere,who started writing 77 for newspaper readers 78 the age of ten,her advice to young readers now 79 regularly in the Philadelphia Bulletin in a column 80 DEAR ANGEL.
61.A.talk B.ask C.tell D.speak
62.A.Because B.Instead C.When D.As
63.A.for B.in C.on D.with
64.A.with B.on C.to D.of
65.A.Most B.These C.Those D.The
66.A.fromB.for C.to D.about
67.A.in B.with C.on D.for
68.A.to B.for C.about D.by
69.A.make B.overcome C.beat D.solve
70.A.some B.many C.others D.those
71.A.is B.are C.were D.was
72.A.for B.on C.at D.by
73.A.made B.addressed C.written D.sent
74.A.with B.for C.as D.by
75.A.producing B.giving C.making D.sending
76.A.time B.yet C.way D.enough
77.A.advise B.answers C.advice D.problems
78.A.at B.on C.in D.about
79.A.gives B.sends C.appears D.writes
There are two factors which determine an individual’s intelligence.The first is the sort of brain he is born 61.Human brains differ considerably,62 being more capable than others.63 no matter how good a brain he has to begin with,an individual will have a low order of intelligence 64 he has opportunities to learn.So the second factor is what 65 to the individual—the sort of environment in which he is brought 66.If an individual is handicapped(受阻礙)67 ,it is likely that his brain will 68 to develop and he will 69 attain the level of intelligence of which he is 70.
The importance of environment in determining an individual’s intelligence can be 71 by the case history of the identical twins,Peter and John.When the twins were three months old,their parents died,and they are placed in 72 foster(寄養(yǎng))homes.Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in an73 community withpoor educational 74.John,75 ,was educated in the home of well-to-do parents who has been to college.This environmental 76 continued until the twins were 77 their late teens,78 they were given tests to 79 their intelligence.John’s I.Q.(智商)was 125,twenty-five points higher than the 80 and fully forty points higher than his identical brother.
61.A.for B.by C.with D.in
62.A.most B.some C.many D.few
63.A.But B.For C.Still D.And
64.A.if B.thought C.as D.unless
65.A.refers B.applies C.happens D.concerns
66.A.about B.up C.forward D.forth
67.A.relatively B.intelligently C.regularly D.environmentally
68.A.fail B.help C.manage D.stop
69.A.ever B.never C.even D.nearly
70.A.able B.capable C.available D.acceptable
71.A.demonstrated B.denied C.neglected D.ignored
72.A.separate B.similar C.remote D.individual
73.A.omitted B.isolated C.enclosed D.occupied
74.A.possibilities B.opportunities C.capacities D.responsibilities
75.A.moreover B.consequently C.then D.however
76.A.exception B.division C.difference D.alteration
77.A.in B.by C.at C.for
78.A.while B.since C.when D.because
79.A.estimate B.count C.decide D.measure
80.A.average B.common C.usual D.ordinary
第II卷(共50分)
Part IV Translation(共35分)
Section A(共5小題，每小題4分，共20分)
Directions:Translate the following sentences into Chinese.You may refer to the corresponding passages in Part I.
81、The captain realized that the men tried to deceive him so he made them work very hard for the rest of the voyage.(Passage One)
82、By making vehicles lighter in weight aluminum has greatly reduced the amount of fuel needed to move them,(Passage Two)
83、As the source of aluminum is almost inexhaustible,we can expect that more and more uses will be found for this versatile metal.(Passage Two)
84Not many of the children offer their fathers some presents.But the American fathers still think they are much better fated than the fathers of many other countries,who have not even a day for their sakein nameonly.(Passage Three)
85Culture shock is caused by the anxiety that resultsfromlosing all familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.(Passage Four)
84In a family where the roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are shared to a greater or lesser extent,notions of male superiority are hard to maintain.(Passage Four)
85
Excessive authoritarianism(命令主義)has unhappy consequences,whether it wears skirts or trousers,and the ideal of equal rights and equal responsibilities is pertinent(相關(guān)的，切題的)not only to a healthy democracy,but also to a healthy family.(Passage Four)
Section B(共5小題，每小題3分，共15分)
Directions:Translate the following sentences into English.
86、如果你聽從我的勸告，你可能會(huì)獲勝。
87、新班機(jī)不直接飛往羅馬，二是要繞道巴黎。
88、他如此愚蠢竟然認(rèn)敵為友。
89、此規(guī)定不適用于你，你還未滿18歲。
90、每個(gè)人手里都有一張申請(qǐng)表，但卻都不知道送往哪個(gè)辦公室。
Part V Writing(共15分)
Directions:For this part,you are given thirty minutes to writea composition on the topic:How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic.You should write no less than 150 words and baseyour composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below:
1、為解決交通難的問題，有人建造多建造馬路;
2、有人則建議限制私家車的數(shù)量;
3、我的看法。
參考答案
01-05 BCDCA 06-10 DCDBA 11-15 DACBD
16-20 CACCB 16-20 AADCA
21-25 DBADA 26-30 CDCAB 31-35 BCBAC 36-40 CCBDC
41-45 ACCAA 46-50 DDAAC 51-55 BDABD 56-60 ACABD
61-65 BBCDA 66-70 ABDDC 71-75 BABCB 76-80 DCACA
61-65 CBADC 66-70 BDABB 71-75 AABBD 76-80 CACDA
81、船長(zhǎng)意識(shí)到這些船員是要欺騙他，因此，在余下的航程里他讓他們干更累的活。
82、由于能夠減輕運(yùn)輸工具本身的重量，鋁材能大大地減少驅(qū)動(dòng)它們本身所需的燃料。
83、由于鋁的資源幾乎是無止境的，我們可預(yù)計(jì)對(duì)這種多用途的金屬將會(huì)發(fā)揮越來越多的用途。
84、不是很多孩子送給父親禮物。但美國(guó)的父親們?nèi)匀徽J(rèn)為他們比在別的國(guó)家的父親們幸運(yùn)得多;因?yàn)樵趧e的國(guó)家連一個(gè)名譽(yù)上的父親節(jié)都沒有。
85、文化震撼是由于社會(huì)交往過程中失去了所有本來熟悉的標(biāo)記和符號(hào)引起焦慮而產(chǎn)生的。
84、在家庭中，若果男女的角色區(qū)別不明顯，雙方或多或少地共同分擔(dān)許多家務(wù)活，男人具有優(yōu)勢(shì)的概念就很難存在。
85、無論是男方還是女方，過分的命令都會(huì)產(chǎn)生不愉快的后果。平等的權(quán)利和責(zé)任不僅關(guān)系到一個(gè)健康的民主國(guó)家，也關(guān)系到一個(gè)健康的家庭。
86.If you follow my advice,you’ll probably succeed.
87.The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome but(it)goes by way of Pairs.
88.He is so foolish as to take the enemy for friends.
89.The regulation doesn’t apply to you.You are under 18.
90.Everyone had an applicationfromin his hand,but no one knew which office to sendit to.
Part V參考例文
How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic
People nowbecome more and more concerned about the heavy traffic problem.They have proposed different ways to solve the problem.Some people have suggested that more roads be built and expanded to relieve the pressure of traffic.Others believe that traffic congestion is themost common problem in modern big cities,which cannot be solved unless new ways of public transportation are found.And still others think that the number of private cars should be strictly controlled by the government.
Firstly,it is very difficult to construct new roads or expand the roads to meet the new needs in the heavily populated urban area.Secondly,more and more people in China desire to own a car to satisfy their vanity.However,automobiles take up too much time and space.If everyone has his or her car,the traffic congestion seems to be inevitable and driving to work would be a nightmare.Thirdly,cars pollute our air,which eventually leads to many serious diseases.
Therefore,in my opinion,on the one hand,more roads should be built if it is possible; on the other hand,some measures must be taken to control the number of automobiles in the cities,so that the traffic congestion could be possibly be solved.
英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)考試歷年真題試卷及答案3
The food we eat seems to have profound effects on our health.Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat ,it has,at the same time,made many foods unfit to eat.Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illnesses are related to diet and forty percent of cancer is related to the diet as well,especially cancer of the colon.Different cultures are more likely to cause certain different illnesses because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures.That food is related to illness is nto a new discovery.In 1945,about 35 years ago,government researchers realized that nitrates,commonly used to preserve color in meats,and other food additivies,caused cancer.Yet,these carcinogenic additives remain in our food,and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful.The additives which we eat are not all so direct.Farmers often give penicillin to beef and living animals,and because of this ,penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cow.Sometimes similar drugs are given to animals not for medical purposes,but for financial reasons.The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market.Although the Food and Drug Administration(FDA)has tried repeatedly to control these procedures,the practices continue.
1.What is the best possible title of the passage?
a.Drug and Food
b.Cancer and Health
c.Food and Health
d.Health and Drug
2.Which of the following statements is NOT ture?
a.Drugs are always given to animals for medical reasons
b.Some of the additives in our food are added to the food itself and some are given to the living animals
c.Researchers have known about the potential dangers of food additives for over thirty-five years.
d.Food may cause forty percent of cancer in world.
3.How has science done something harmful to mankind?
a.Because of science ,diseases caused by polluted food haven been virtually eliminated.
b.It has caused a lack of information concerning the value of food.
c.Because of the application of science,some potentially harmful substances have been added to food.
d.The scientists have preserved the color of meats,but not of vegetables.
4.What are nitrates used for?
a.They preserve flavor in packaged foods.
b.They preserve the color of meats.
c.They are the objects of research.
d.They cause the animals to become fatter.
5.The word carcinogenic most nearly means _____.
a.trouble-making
b.color-retaining
c.money-making
d.cancer-causing
答案：cacbd
英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)考試歷年真題試卷及答案4
I’m a student in Class Four,Grade Three.My name is Mary.I’m nine.My twin brother’s name is Li Mao.And we are in the same school,and in the same grade,but he is in Class Three.We are good students.I have a good friend.I call her Miss Ying Ying.Do you think call her Miss Ying Ying.Do you think Ying Ying is a good girl?No,you’re wrong.She isn’t a girl,but a cat.She is two years old,but she looks the same as her mother.根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，選擇最佳答案。
�。ǎ�1.My twin _____ name is ______.
A brother’s;Li Wei
B.sister’s; Li Mao
C.brother’s;Li Mao
�。ǎ�2.We are in the same _____ and in the same ____.A.school; grade
B.school;class
C.grade; class
（）3.My good friend Miss Ying Ying is a _____.A.girl
B.cat
C.dog
�。ǎ�4.I am ______years old.
A.ten
B.nine
C.nineteen
（）5.Miss Ying Ying is ______ her mother.A.not the same as
B.not like
C.the same as
【答案】
1-5 BBADB
英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)考試歷年真題試卷及答案5
The economy of the United states after 1952 was the econnomy of a well-fed,almost fully employed people.Despit occasional alarms,the country escaped any postwar depression and lived in a state of boom.A n economic survey of the year 1955,a typical year of the 1950’s,may be typical as illustrating the rapid economic growth of the decade.The national output was value at 10 percent above that of 1954(1955 output was estimated at 392 billion dollars).The production of manufacturers was about 40 percent more than it had averaged in the years immediately following World War 2.The country’s business spent about 30billion dollars for new factories and machinery.National income available for spending was almost a third greater than it had been it had been in 1950.Consumers spent about 256 billion dollars; that is about 700 million dollars a day ,or about twenty-five million dollars every hour ,all round the clock.Sixty-five million people held jobs and only a little more than two million wanted jobs but could not find them.Only agriculture complained that it was not sharing in the room.To some observers this was an ominous echo of the mid-1920’s.As farmer’s shre of their products declined ,marketing costs rose.But there were ,among the observers of the national economy,a few who were not as confident as the majority.Those few seemed to fear that the boom could not last and would eventually lead to the oppsite-depression.
1.What is the best title of the passage?
a.The Agriculatural Trends of 1950’s
b.The Unemployment Rate of 1950’s
c.U.S.Economy in the 50’s
d.The Federal Budget of 1952
2.In Line 3,the word “boom” could best be replaced by______.
a.nearby explosion
b.thunderous noise
c.general public support
d.rapid economic growth
3.It can be inferred the national from the passage that most people in the United States in 1955 viewed the national economy with an air of _________.
a.confidence
b.confusion
c.disappointment
d.suspicion
4.Which of the following were LEAST satisfied with the national economy in the 1950’s?
a.Economists
b.Frmaers
c.Politicians
d.Steelworkers
5.The passage states that incom available for spending in the U.S.was greater in 1955 than in 1950.How much was it ?
a.60％
b.50％
c.33％
d.90％
答案：cdabc
英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)考試歷年真題試卷及答案6
Need for Emphasis on Treatment
AIDS programs in developing countries put too little emphasis on treatment,the World Health Organization said Tuesday,asking for more small community-based clinics to be opened to treat HIV-infected people.An estimated 36 million to 46 million people are living with AIDS,two-thirds of them in Africa,but only 440,000 people in developing countries were receiving treatment by the end of 2003,the UN health agency said in its annual report.
“Without treatment,all of them will die a premature and in most cases painful death,” the WHO said in the 169?page World Health Report.
WHO Director General Lee Jong-wook said community-based treatment should be added to disease prevention and care for sufferers in AIDS programs.
“Future generations will judge our time in large part by our response to the AIDS disease,” Lee said.
“By tackling it decisively we will also be building health systems that can meet the health needs of today and tomorrow.This is a historic opportunity we cannot afford to miss,” he added.Antiretroviral drugs enable people hit by AIDS to live longer.The annual cost of treatment,which was about $10,000 when the drugs were first developed,has dropped to about $150.
Treatment programs also help AIDS prevention efforts,the report said,citing great demands for testing and counseling where treatment has been made available.
Good counseling in turn leads to more effective prevention in those who are uninfected,and significantly reduces the potential for HIV carriers to pass on the infection,the report said.Since its discovery in the 1980s,more than 20 million have died of AIDS,mostly in poor countries.
1.Which is true of many AIDS sufferers in developing countries?
A.They put too little emphasis on treatment.
B.They are not receiving any treatment.
C.They refuse to be treated.
D.They live longer than those in developed countries.
2.The WHO publishes its World Health Report.
A.once every two years.
B.once a decade.
C.once a year.
D.twice a year.
3.According to Lee,our response to the AIDS disease is
A.a matter of great significance.
B.a matter of little significance.
C.overemphasized.
D.timely
4.AIDS treatment programs may also result in
A.better drugs.
B.lower yearly cost.
C.more effective prevention.
D.greater emphasis on treatment.
5.How many people have died of AIDS so far?
A.36 million.
B.46 million.
C.Around 440,000.
D.More than 20 million.
答案：
B、C、A、C、D
英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)考試歷年真題試卷及答案7
Social customs and ways of behaving change.Things which were considered impolite many years ago are now acceptable.Just a few years ago,it was considered impolite behaviour for a man to smoke on street.No man who thought of himself by smoking when a lady was in a room.
Customs also differ from country to country.Does a man walk on the left or the right of a woman in your country?Or doesnt it matter?Should you use both hands when you are eating?Should leave one in your lap,or on the table?
The Americans and the British not only speak the same language but also share a large number of social customs.For example,in both America and England people shake hands when they meet each other for the first time.Also,most Englishmen will open a door for a wonman or offer their seat to a woman ,and so will most Americans.Promptness is important both in England and in America.That is ,if a dinner invitation is for 7 oclock ,the dinner guest either arrives close to that time or calls up to explain his delay.
The important thing to remember about social customs is not to do anything that might make other people feel uncomfortable-----especially if they are your guests.When the food was served ,one of the guests strated to eat his peas with a knife.The other guests were amused or shocked ,but the host calmly picked up his knife and began eating in the same way.It would have been bad manners to make his guest feel foolish or uncomfortable.
1.If one has accepted a dinner invitation ,what should he do if he is tobe late for the dinner?
a.He should find an excuse
b.He should adk for excuse.
c.He should say sorry
d.He should telephone to explain his being late.
2."It would have been bad manners to make his guests feel foolish or uncomfortable." "Bad manners " means ________.
a.ugly
b.dishonest
c.impolite
d.shameful
3.which of the following do you think is the best tiltle for this passage?
a.Social Customs and Customs
b.Social Life
c.American and British Customs
d.Promptness Is Important
4.According to the text,the best host_______.
a.tries his best to make his guests feel comfortable
b.makes his guests feel excited
c.tries to avoid being naughty to his guests
d.tries to avoid being foolish
5.The author of this article may agree with which of the following?
a.The guest who ate his peas with a knife
b.The other guests who were amused or shocked
c.The host who picked up his knife and began eating in the same way
d.None of the above
答案：dcaac
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