初中英語語法總結
總結是指對某一階段的工作、學習或思想中的經(jīng)驗或情況加以總結和概括的書面材料，它可使零星的、膚淺的、表面的感性認知上升到全面的、系統(tǒng)的、本質的理性認識上來，快快來寫一份總結吧。那么如何把總結寫出新花樣呢？下面是小編整理的初中英語語法總結，僅供參考，大家一起來看看吧。
初中英語語法總結1
每年的中考試卷中，“句型轉換”題所占分值較大，是為了全面考查學生在初中階段所學的詞匯(同義或反義)、短語、句型和語法等方面的知識及其它的之間的靈活運用能力。
�、�.題型介紹
所謂“句型轉換”就是先給一個完整的句子A，再根據(jù)括號內的要求(有時沒有明確，須自己觀察)，在第二個句子B的空白處填上適當?shù)脑~來完成的句型轉換。
�、�.題型分類
從形式上看，有如下幾種形式：①某一詞或詞組的轉換;②詞組與句子的轉換;③同義句型的轉換;④為糾正常犯語言錯誤而設計的題目。
從內容上看，此題型涉及的面較廣，主要有：①句子功能方面的轉換。包括陳述句(肯定與否定)、四種題疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句的轉換;②句子結構方面的轉換。即簡單句、復合句、并列句之間的轉換;③語態(tài)的轉換。即主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)之間的轉換;④常用句型與詞匯手段的轉換。
�、�.具體分類如下
一、陳述句與疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句間的轉換
1、陳述句中肯定句變?yōu)榉穸ň�，大部分是用not來改變謂語結構，但也有借用否定意義的詞，如nothing, nobody, none, neither, little, few, never, hardly等，例如：
A：Tom does well in maths.
B：Tom doesn't do in maths.
A：He has much to do.
B：He has nothing to do.
A：All of my classmates like art.
B：None of my classmates likes art.
2、改為疑問句。根據(jù)上下句的結構和詞的減少，來判斷變?yōu)槟囊环N形式的疑問句。例如：
A：My brother often has breakfast at school.
B： Does your brother often have breakfast at school?
A：Tom's already weak in English.
B：Tom's already weak in English, isn't he ?
A：The red light changes every two minutes.
B：How often does the red light change?
3、改為感嘆句。根據(jù)所給的句子結構和單詞的詞性，來確定使用哪一種感嘆句的形式，例如：
A：This is an interesting book.
B：What an interesting book this is!
或 How interesting this book is!
二、同義句轉換。
根據(jù)上句，寫出一個意思相同(或相近)的下句，此類形式繁多，內容復雜，涉及面廣，歸類如下：
1、同義詞或詞組之間的'轉換。(通常上下句時態(tài)保持一致)。
常見的同義詞或詞組有：(1)四個“花費”(spend-take-cost-take);(2)三個“到達”(get to-reach-arrive in/at);(3)四個“收到…來信”(hear from-get a letter from-receive a letter from-have a letter from);(4)兩個“擅長于…”(be good at -do well in);(5)兩個“有空”(be free-have time);(6)三個“入睡”(go to sleep-get to sleep-fall asleep);(7)兩個“玩得開心”(enjoy oneself-have a good time);(8)“給…打電話”(call sb-telephone sb-ring sb. a call-make a telephone to sb.)(9)“飛往…”(fly to…-go to…by air/plane)(10)“自學”(teach oneself-learn…by oneself)(11)在…方面幫助help…with…-help… (to)do…(12)在…差be weak in…-do badly in…(13)能/會…can-be able to(14)更喜歡…like…better than…-prefer…to…(15)充滿了…be full of…-be filled with…(16)放棄干…give up doing…-stop doing…(17)不再… no longer-not …any longer(18)照顧/保管 take care of…-look after(19)展覽 on show-on display(20)阻止…干…stop…from doing-keep/prevent…from doing…(21)由于 thanks to-because of…(22)舉手hands up-put up one's hands(23)最后，終于at last-in the end(24)與…不同 be different from…-be not the same as…(25)從…借入… borrow…from…-lend…to…(26)乘公汽/火車/的士 go to…by bus/train/taxi-take a bus /train/taxi to…(27)乘自行車去… go to…by bike-ride a bike to…(28)為…感到自豪 be proud of…-be the pride of…(29)步行去… walk to…-go to…on foot (30)獨自地by oneself -alone等。例如：
A：The children had a good time in the park.
B：The children enjoyed themselves in the park.
2、同義句型之間的轉化。常見的同義句型有①It seems that 從句→Somebody seems(to be)+adj/n ②It's kind of sb. to do…→Somebody is kind to do… ③What does…mean?→What do you mean by…? 或What's the meaning of…?④There is something wrong with…→Something is wrong with… ⑤not…until…與when/after/before引導的時間狀語從句的轉換 ⑥What's wrong with…?→What's the matter with…? ⑦How is…?→What's…like…?⑧How do you like…?→What do you think of?⑧It's time that…→It's time for sb. to do…⑨It's said that…→People say that…⑩Can I help you? →What can I do for you?
例如：
A：I went to bed after I finished my homework.
B：I didn't go to bed until I finished my homework.
3、if引導的條件狀語從句的轉化。例如：
A：If it doesn't rain tomorrow, they'll go to the park.
B：Unless it rains tomorrow, they'll go to the park.
A：If you don't hurry, you'll be late.
B：Hurry up, or you'll be late.
A：Fish can't live if there is no water.
B：Fish can't live without water.
4、現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)中的一句多譯。在現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)中，結束性動詞不能與時間段連用，必須改成相應的延續(xù)性動詞。常見的動詞轉換有：buy-have, borrow-keep, die-be dead, open-be open, join-be in+組織/be a +成員, begin-be on, leave-be away from, close-be closed, arrive in/ get to/ come/go to-be in/at, finsh-be over, go to sleep-be asleep，get up-be up.
例如：The old man died five months ago.
The old man has been dead since five months ago.
The old man has been dead for five months.
It's five months since the old man died.
Five months has passed since the old man died.
5、簡單句與復合句之間的轉換。
①含賓語從句的復合句與簡單句的轉換。例如：
A：I saw they were playing football on the playground.
B：I saw them playing football on the playground.
A：The teacher found that she was very clever.
B：The teacher found her very clever.
A：He found that it was hard to learn English well.
B：He found it hard to learn English well.
A：We are sure that we will win to first match.
B：We are sure to win to first match.
由疑問代詞/副詞引導的賓語從句可轉化為“疑問句+不定式”結構。例如：
A：Could you tell me how I can get to the railway station?
B：Could you tell me how to get to the railway station?
A：We don't know what we should do next.
B：We don't know what to do next.
②由when/after/before/while/since/until引導的時間狀語從句可轉化為when/after/before/while/sine/until + doing…
例如：
A：They went home after they finished their work.
B：The went home after finishing their work.
A：Mr Smith has taught English since he came to China.
B：Mr Smith has taught English since coming to China.
When sb. +be+數(shù)詞+years old→at the age of+歲數(shù)
A：When he was twelve years old, Edison started writing his own newspaper.
B：At the age of twelve, Edison started writing his own newspaper.
③由so…that…引導的結果狀語從句可轉化為too…to do或…enough to do……例如：
A：The box is so heavy that I can't carry it.
B：The box is too heavy for me to carry.
或：The box isn't light enough for me to carry.
A：The child is so old that he can go to school.
B：The child is old enough to go to school.
�、苡蓅o that 引導的目的狀語從句可轉化為in order to do例如：
A：My father got up early this morning so that he could catch the early bus.
B：My father got up early this morning in order to catch the early bus.
�、萦蒪ecause 引導的原因狀語從句可轉化為because of…例如：
A：We didn't go to the park because it rained.
B：We didn't go to the park because of the rain.
�、薅ㄕZ從句可以轉化為介詞短語或分詞短語。例如：
A：The man who is on the bike is Jim.
B：The man on the bike is Jim.
A：The man who is driving the red car is my boss.
B：The man driving the red car is my boss.
A：The girl who is called Mary is my sister.
B：The girl called Mary is my sister.
6、用并列連詞neither…nor;either…or…;both…and…;not only…but also…連句。例如：
A：I haven't seen a TV play for long, and Lily hasn't either.
B：Neither I nor Lily has seen a TV play for long.
A：Tom is good at maths, and he is good at French, too.
B：Tom is good at both maths and French.
neither…nor…, either…or…和not only…but also…連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞依靠近它的主語而定，即“就近原則”，但是both…and用來連接兩個主語時，謂語復數(shù)。
7、主動語與被動語態(tài)的互變。
“主動”變“被動”實行“三變二不變”原則�！叭儭奔词侵髡Z，謂語和賓語的變化，“二不變”即時態(tài)不變，句式不變。例如：
A：They make watches in the town.
B：Watches are made by them in the town.
A：I can finish the work before eight.
B：The work can be finished(by me)before eight.
A：Do they grow rice in South China?
B：Is rice grown in South China?
注：使役性動詞make或感觀性動詞see/watch/look at/hear/listen to/feel在主動語態(tài)中所帶省to的不定式賓補變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，必須加上to.
A：I saw him take your umbrella.
B：He was seen to take your umbrella.
8、形容詞、副詞二級之間的轉化，例如
A：Chinese is the most important subject of all.
B：Chinese is more important than any other subject.
A：This exercise is easier than the other two.
B：This exercise is the easiest of the three.
Ⅵ.解題指導
要做好句型轉換題，必須注意如下幾點：
1、注重掌握教材中的基本句和同一句子英語的不同結構表達技巧。
2、弄清題意，明確題目考查點，了解題目所給句子與答句之間的關系。
3、注意從多角度，全方位考慮問題，突破難點，注意復查，看是否按要求完成了轉換。
通過上述的歸納和指導，可以理清學生的“依章辦事”的解題思路，養(yǎng)成“有條不紊”的解題習慣，培養(yǎng)多角度思維解題的能力，從而達到提高學習效率的目的。
特殊疑問句
注：1、一般情況：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句構成。
2、特殊疑問詞在句中充當成分。
3、不用yes ,no回答，直接回答。
4、讀降調。
5、常用疑問詞：who, what, whose, where, how, which, when, why, how many, how much, how far. How long, how often, how soon, how high, 等。
對劃線部分提問。(把各句變?yōu)樘厥庖蓡柧?
1、 對主語(人)提問：
The boy is running now. Who is running now?
2、 對表語(人)提問：
He is Lily's father. Who is he ?
3、 對介賓(人)提問：
She is looking for the little boy. Who is she looking for ?
4、 對動賓(人)提問：
I often help Wei Hua with English. Who do you often help with English?
5、 對間賓(人)提問：
Kate lent Tom a ball yesterday. Who did Kate lend a ball yesterday?
6、 對主語(東西)提問：
The books are on the desk.. What are on the desk ?
7、 對表語(東西)提問：
These are boats. What are these?
8、 對動賓(東西)提問：
I want a cup of tea. What do you want?
9對職業(yè)(提問)提問：
The man is a farmer. What is the man ? What does the man do?
10.對介賓(東西)提問：
He is looking for his pen. What is he looking for?
11、對是什么提問：
It's a Chinese car. What is it?
12、對計算結果提問：
Six and nine is fifteen. What is six and nine?
13、對年級提問：
I'm in Grade Three. What grade are you in?
14、對班級提問：
Li Lei is in Class Five. What class is Li Lei in?
15、對年級和班級提問：
Wei Hua is in Class Three Grade One, What class and grade is Wei hua in ?
16、對排提問:
We are in Row One. What row are you in?
注：1、對年級、班級、排提問時，問句中的in 不能去掉.
2，what 后的grade ,class ，row用小寫形式.
3,what根據(jù)實際譯為漢語.
17、對學號提問:
Lucy is Number Six. What number is Lucy? What is Lucy's number?
18、對后置定語提問:
This is a map of China. What map is this ?
19、對顏色提問:
The flowers are red. What color are the flowers?
20、對幾點幾分提問:
It's six. What time is it ? What's the time?
21、對名字提問:
My name is Li Lei. What's your name ?
22、對前置定語提問:
These apples are yours. Which apples are yours?
The best one is Lily's. Which one is Lily's?
23、對表語(名物代)提問:
This cup is yours. Whose is the cup?
24、對后置定語提問:
The boy in the hat is my brother. Which boy is your brother?
25、對后置定語提問:
I want to buy the shirt on the left. Which shirt do you want to buy?
26、對主語(名物代)提問:
Mine is red. Whose is red?
27、對定語(形物代)提問:
They are my books. Whose books are they?
28、對定語(名詞所有格)提問:
This is Lucy and Lily's room. Whose room is this?
29、對表語(名詞所有格)提問：
This cup is Kate's. Whose is this cup?
30對身體提問：
I'm fine (well, OK, All right.) How are you?
31、對年齡提問：
The boy is fifteen. How old are you?
32、對天氣提問：
It's cloudy today. How is the weather today?=What's the weather like today?
33、對語言提問：
I can spell it in English. How can you spell it?
34、對方式提問：
I often go to school on foot.(by bus ,by train , by bike?) How do you often go to school?
35、對程度提問：
She studies hard. How does she study?
36、對數(shù)量提問：
1,There are five birds in the tree. How many birds are there in the tree?
2,There is much water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle ?
3,There is an apple tree in front of the house. How many apple trees are there in front of the house?
37、對價格提問：The meat is ten yuan . How much is the meat?
注：1，對價格提問，be 應根據(jù)后面的主語而定。
2，單位yuan在問句中去掉。
38、對距離提問：
The factory is two kilometers from here. How far is the factory from here?
39、對長度提問：
The ruler is one metre long. How long is the ruler?
40、對for+一段時間提問：
We have stayed there for two hours. How long have you stayed there ?
He has lived here since 1997. How long has he lived here?
注：how long 后面必須是延續(xù)性動詞。
41、對星期提問：
Today is Monday. What day is it today?
42、對in+一段時間提問：
The woman will go to the shop in five minutes. How soon the woman will go to the shop?
43、對頻度副詞提問：
Liu Ying often carries water for Uncle Li. How often does Liu Ying carry water for Uncle Li?
44、對范圍內的次數(shù)提問：
I go swimming once a week in summer. How many times do you go swimming in summer?
45、對寬度提問：
The river is five metres wide. How wide is the river?
46、對原因狀語提問：
He didn't come to school because he was ill in bed. Why didn't he come to school?
注：表示“因為”的連詞有since, as , for, because.
47、對時間狀語提問：
We usually come to school at seven in the morning. When do you usually come to school?
48、對地點狀語提問：
The children sometimes play football on the playground. Where do the children sometimes play football?
49、對幾月幾日提問：
It's May 2 today. What's the date today?
50、對種類(后置定語)提問：
I want the cakes with nuts in them . What kind of cakes do you want?
51、對作什么提問：
The boys are playing in the tree. What are the boys doing in the tree?
熟記變特殊疑問句時，容易判斷錯的情況。
1、 數(shù)詞
表示年齡：He is fifty-five. How old is he ?
表示時間：It's fifty-five. What's the time?
表示加法：Six and two is eight. What's six and two?
表示價格：The shirt is thirty yuan . How much is the shirt?
表示多少：I have three brothers. How many brothers do you have?
2、 姓名和人
表示人名：My name is Gina. What's your name?
表示人：The woman is Gina. Who is the woman ?
3、 長度和距離
表示距離：It's five hundred metres away from here. How far is it from here?
表示長度：It's five hundred metres. How long is it ?
4、 顏色，東西
表示顏色：The shoes are white. What color are the shoes?
表示物：They are white sheep. What are they?
表示顏色：They are white sheep. What color are these sheep?
5、 名詞所有格和人
表示名詞所有格：She's Lucy's sister. Whose sister is she?
表示人：She's Lucy's sister. Who is she?
同義句轉換的九種類型
同義句轉換題是近幾年中考英語的一個常考題型，其出題形式通常是同時給出兩個句子，第一句完整，第二句中設有幾處空格，要求考生填入適當?shù)脑~或詞組，使第二句的意思與第一句意思相同。它綜合考查考生的語法、詞匯、短語或習慣用語和句型結構等知識，要求運用所學的詞匯、語法知識和句型結構填寫句子，使句子結構完整、邏輯合理、語法知識無誤、意思與所給句子相同。通過對近幾年的中考英語試題中同義句轉換題的分析，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)中考英語同義句轉換題主要考查以下幾個方面：
一、運用同義詞(組)進行轉換
用同義詞或同義詞組對原句中的某些詞或詞組進行替換，注意轉換后的詞或詞組的詞形變化要與句子其他成分相適應。如：
1. That day we could see flowers here and there.
That day we could see flowers __________.
分析：答案為everywhere。everywhere與here and there都表示“到處”。
2. The teacher always takes good care of the children in the school.
The teacher always_______ ______the children well in the school.
分析：答案為looks after。take good care of與look after…well都表示“好好照顧”。
二、運用反義詞(組)的否定式進行轉換
即用反義詞或詞組的否定式表達與原句相同的意思，主要考查學生對反義詞(詞組)的積累和換位思維的能力。如：
1. It’s clear that this visit is different from last time.
It’s clear that this visit is not the___ ___last time.
分析：答案為same as。be different from意為“與……不同”;the same as意為“與……相同”，其否定式與be different from同義。
2. I think wealth is less important than health.
I ___ think wealth is ___ important than health.
分析：答案為don’t，more。less important的意思是“沒有(不及)……重要”;more important的意思是“(比)……更重要”，該結構與not連用，則表示“不比……更重要”。
另外，有的反義詞即使不與否定詞連用，而只需改變句子結構也可構成同義句。如：
He lent some money to his friend.
He friend ___ some money ___ him.
分析：答案為borrowed，from。borrow…from意為“向……借……”;lend…to意為“把……借給……”。兩個結構意思相反，但若變換“借出者”與“借入者”的位置，則可轉換為同義句。
三、運用不同語態(tài)進行轉換
即運用主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)的變化來轉換同義詞，但此時要特別注意時態(tài)、動詞一致性。如：
1. Everyone should give back his library books on time.
Library books should____ ____ ____ on time.
分析：答案為be given back。被動句中含有情態(tài)動詞should，因此助動詞用be。
2. It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today.
Computers ____ widely ___ in the world today.
分析：答案為are，used。computers是復數(shù)名詞，助動詞用are。
四、非延續(xù)性動詞與延續(xù)性動詞的相互轉換
即非延續(xù)性動詞與延續(xù)性動詞進行轉換，此時往往會涉及時態(tài)的變化。如：
1. The manager left two hours ago.
The manager _____ ____ ____ for two hours.
分析：答案為has been away。leave為非延續(xù)性動詞，不能與for two hours這樣的一段時間連用，而改成be away這樣的延續(xù)性動詞后，則可連用一段時間。
2. The film began five minutes ago.
The film has been _____ _____ five minutes.
分析：答案為on for。has been提示時態(tài)是現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)，“for+時間段”表示“持續(xù)(一段時間)”，常用在含有現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的句子里。
3. Mr Li joined the Party twenty years ago.
Mr Li _____ _____ _____ the Party for twenty years.
答案：has been in。短暫動詞join，意為“參加、加入(組織，政黨)”，不能與延續(xù)時間狀語連用，與延續(xù)性時間狀語連用時，將join改成be in或be a member in…。
五、運用不同引語進行轉換
即將直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語或將間接引語轉換成直接引語。此時還要注意相關時態(tài)、人稱、動詞、狀語等相應的變化。如：
1. “I’ve found my wallet,” he said to me.
He _________ me that he _________ _________ his wallet.
分析：答案為told，had found。此題是將直接引語轉換成間接引語。
2. “Did you see her last week?” he said.
He _______ _______ I had seen her the week _______.
分析：答案為asked if/ whether, before。此題是將疑問句的直接引語轉換成間接引語。
六、運用簡單句與復合句之間的轉換
即將簡單句變成同義的復合句或將復合句變成同義的簡單句。如：
1. We didn’t go out for a walk because it was raining.
We didn’t go out for a walk _______ _______ the rain.
分析：答案為because of。將原因狀語從句because it was raining改為表示原因的介詞短語because of the rain。
2. He was so excited that he couldn’t go to sleep.
He was ______ ______ ______ go to sleep.
分析：答案為too excited to。將so…that…換成too…to…結構，原句的that從句為結果狀語從句，改寫句中的不定式仍表結果。
3. Now I will show you how to do the work.
Now I will show you ______ ______ ______ do the work.
分析：答案為how you can。即將原句中的“疑問詞+不定式”結構轉換成賓語從句。
4. You should put them back after you use them.
You should put them back _____ _____ them.
分析：答案為after using。即將after引導的狀語從句改寫為after引導的介詞短語。
七、運用并列句與復合句之間的轉換
即將并列句變成同義的復合句或將復合句變成同義的并列句。如：
1. Come on, or we’ll miss the early bus.
____ we ____ hurry, we’ll miss the early bus.
分析：答案為If，don’t。if引導條件狀語從句。
2. The man gave us a talk last week. Now he will give us another talk this week.
The man _____ gave us a talk last week _____ _____ us another talk this week.
分析：答案為who/ that，will give。who/ that gave us a talk last week為定語從句，修飾先行詞the man。
八、運用關聯(lián)連詞連接或合并句子
即運用關聯(lián)連詞both…and…，neither…nor…，either…or…，not only…but also…等將兩個簡單句合并為一個簡單句。此時要注意的是，both…and…連接兩個主語時，謂語總是用復數(shù)，而neither…nor…，either…or…，not only…but also…連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞通常應與靠近的主語保持一致。如：
1. Tom can’t speak Japanese well and Jim can’t, either.
______ Tom ______ Jim can speak Japanese well.
分析：答案填Neither，nor。neither…nor…表示“……和……(兩者)都不”，剛好與原句的兩個否定結構的意思相吻合。
2. Alice has read the book and Peter has read it, too.
______ Alice ______ Peter have read the book.
分析：答案為Both，and。both…and…的意思是“……和……(兩者)都”。
3. This store sells men’s shoes, and it also sells men’s clothes.
This store sells ______ ______ men’s shoes ______ ______ men’s clothes.
分析：答案為not only，but also。表示“不僅……而且……”之意。
九、利用某些典型句式或結構進行轉換
這類典型結構如so…that…，too…to…，enough to，not…until…，so do I等。如：
1. Jim wants to go boating and his parents want to go boating, too.
Jim wants to go boating, and ______ ______ his parents.
分析：答案為so do。句意為“……他的父母也一樣(一樣想去)”。
2. John went to bed after he finished his homework.
John ______ go to bed ______ he finished his homework.
分析：答案為didn’t，until。not…until意為“直到……才”。
初中英語語法總結2
關系代詞在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語、定語等。關系代詞的三個作用代替先行詞，在定語從句中作某種成分，連接先行詞與定語從句。引導定語從句的關系代詞有who，whom，whose，that，which。
關系代詞who，whom的用法
關系代詞who和whom用來指人。先行詞是表示人的名詞或代詞，在從句中作主語時用關系詞who，作賓語時用關系詞whom或who。在現(xiàn)代英語中常常用who代替whom。如
This is the man who helped me yesterday.這就是昨天幫助我的那個人。(作主語)
The teacher who/whom you want to see is coming.你要見的老師來了。(作see的賓語)
注意
�、訇P系詞在從句中作賓語時，常常被省略。如
The man you talked about is our headmaster.你們談論的那個人是我們的校長。
�、诮樵~后的賓語只能用關系詞whom，不可用關系詞who。如
The man to whom you spoke just now is an actor.剛才和你說話的那個人是個演員。
關系代詞that的用法
關系代詞that既可用來指人，也可用來指物，指人時可代替關系詞who、whom，指物時可代替關系詞which。that在從句中可作主語或賓語，還可作表語;作賓語或表語時可省略;作介詞賓語時，介詞不可提到that之前，否則需要用關系詞who或which替代。如
Who is the person that/who is making the lecture?正在做演講的那個人是誰?
Who is the man that/whom they are talking about?他們正在談論的那個人是誰?
You can never get the time that/which is lost.你永遠也找不回來失去的時間。
關系代詞which的用法
關系代詞which用來指物，在從句中作主語、賓語。which引導定語從句有時可以與that互換使用;作賓語時可以省略。如
Here is the coat which/that will be made to you.這是一件做給你的衣服。(作主語)
This is the factory (which/that )we visited last
year.這就是我們去年參觀的那家工廠。(作visited的賓語，可以省略)
關系代詞whose的'用法
關系代詞whose通常用來指人，但有時也可指物，在定語從句中作定語，而且不能省略;whose指物時可以與of which互換使用。如
I met a boy whose father was an astronaut.我認識一位男孩，他的父親是宇航員。(作定語)
The tree whose leaves are red was planted last year.那棵紅色葉子的樹是去年栽的。
He has a book whose cover (=the cover of which)is very
beautiful.他有一本封面非常漂亮的書。
初中英語語法總結3
一.英語語法重點與難點
1、 as…as…結構：你和湯姆是一樣好的孩子。
You’re a boy as good as Tom.=You’re as good a boy as Tom.
2、 (1)too…to與 so…that sb. can’t…的句型轉換：前者為簡單句，主語只有一個，而后者為復合句，主語有兩個，試比較：
The man was too angry to be able to speak.
The man was so angry that he wasn’t able to speak.
(2) too…to…與 not enough to句型的`轉換：
He is too young to get married.=He is not old enough to get married.
The book is too difficult for me to read.=
The book is not easy enough for me to read.
3、 形容詞原級表示比較級含義：
約翰不象邁克那么苯。
John is not so stupid as Mike.
John is less stupid than Mike.
John is cleverer than Mike.
4、 用比較級表示最高級：約翰是班里最高的男生。
John is taller than any other boy in the class.
John is the tallest boy in the class.
5、 the more….. the more….表示“越……越……”:
The more books you read, the wider your knowledge is.
The more food you eat, the fatter you are.
6、 more and more….表示“越來……越……”:
More and more students realized the importance of a foreign language.
Our country is getting stronger and stronger.
二.中考考點—詞組
1. after, in 這兩個介詞都可以表示“……(時間)以后”的意思
after 以過去為起點,表示過去一段時間之后,常用于過去時態(tài)的句子中?
如:She went after three days. 她是三天以后走的
in 以現(xiàn)在為起點,表將來一段時間以后,常用于將來時態(tài)的句子中
如:She will go in three days. 她三天以后要走
2. how long, how often, how soon
how long指多長時間,主要用來對一段時間(如three days, four weeks 等)提問?如:How long ago was it?
這是多久前的事了?
how often指每隔多久,主要用來對頻率副詞或狀語(如once a week等)提問?如:—How often does he come here? —Once a month. 他(每隔)多久來一次?每月一次。
how soon指再過多久,主要用來對表示將來的一段時間(in an hour, in two weeks 等)提問?如:How soon can you come? 你多快能趕來?
初中英語語法總結4
1.should可表示惋惜、憂慮、歡欣、驚訝等感情色彩以及婉轉語氣。
Its a pity that she leave so soon. 很可惜，她很快就要離開了。(惋惜)
They were worried that their motherland should be in such great
danger.他們因祖國處在如此巨大的危險中而感到憂慮。(憂慮)
It is unbelievable that my brother should be working so
hard.難以置信，我弟弟工作竟然如此努力。(驚訝)
I should think your answer is correct. 我想你的答案該是對的吧。(婉轉)
2.would可用于委婉的陳述、客氣的`請求和委婉的建議。
I don’t think he would be so careless. 我認為他不會那么粗心。
Would you like to come to my birthday party? 你想來參加我的生日聚會嗎?
3.dare可表示“膽敢”。
I dare not say such rude things.我不敢說粗話。
4.need可表示“需要”。
Need I finish the task this afternoon? 我今天下午要完成任務嗎?
Tom, you needn’t worry too much. 湯姆，沒必要這么擔心。
這里借用一下網(wǎng)友總結的記憶口訣：
動詞原形接后面，說話語氣較委婉。
can 能力may許可，must責任或義務。
否定回答needn’t換，需要need, dare敢。
should應該，would愿，have to被迫表客觀。
情態(tài)動詞雖然數(shù)量有限，但用法廣泛。清楚所有情態(tài)動詞的表示意義，對英語遣詞造句具有非常重要的作用。
初中英語語法總結5
數(shù)詞時刻的表達法：
一、 整點法：如果時間是整點，就用“鐘點數(shù)+o’clock”來表示。o’clock可省略。如：8：00可讀作eight
o’clock或eight
二、順讀法：順讀法，也叫直接讀法，此方法用于既有鐘點數(shù)，又有分鐘數(shù)的時間，通常先讀“鐘點數(shù)”，再讀分鐘數(shù)。如：7：20讀作seven-twenty
三、倒讀法：此方法是“先讀分鐘數(shù)”，再讀“鐘點數(shù)”，使用此方法要注意兩點：
1、如果分鐘數(shù)在30以內，就用“分鐘數(shù)+past+鐘點數(shù)”表示，介詞past意為“過”。如：6：10讀作ten past six.
2、當分鐘數(shù)正好是“三十分鐘”時，可用“順讀法”中的`“鐘點數(shù)+thirty”,也可用“half+past+鐘點數(shù)”.如：7：30可讀作seven
thirty 或 half past seven.
3、如果分鐘數(shù)超過30，則用“(60-分鐘數(shù))+ to +(鐘點數(shù) + 1)”來表示，介詞to 為“差”的意思。如：6：35讀作twenty-five
to seven (差二十五分鐘到七點)
在“倒讀法”中，當分鐘數(shù)涉及到“15分鐘”時，一般不用fifteen,而用a quarter(一刻鐘)來表示。如：10：15讀作a quarter
past ten (一般不讀 fifteen past ten)
初中英語語法總結6
代詞是代替名詞或起名詞作用的短語或句子的詞。英語中的代詞，按其意義、特征及其在句中的作用分為人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞和關系代詞九類。
03-3反身代詞
反身代詞的概念與形式
表示“我自己，你自己，他(她、它)自己，我們自己，你們自己，他們自己”的代詞稱為反身代詞。第一、二人稱是在形容詞性物主代詞后加self或selves構成，第三人稱是在人稱代詞賓格后加self或selves構成。
反身代詞用法4注意
(1)反身代詞作動詞賓語，經(jīng)常用在下列動詞后構成固定詞組。enjoy oneself玩得開心，過得愉快;teach oneself自學;hurt
oneself傷著自己;introduce oneself to sb.向某人作自我介紹;dress
oneself給自己穿衣服。反身代詞還可以用在to，for，by，of，like等介詞后作介詞的賓語。如
He is talking to himself.他在自言自語。
You must look after yourself and keep healthy.你必須照顧好自己，保持健康。
She taught herself English.她自學英語。
(2)反身代詞作主語或賓語的同位語，起強調主語或賓語的作用，譯為“本身、本人、親自”等。如
Did you make the cake yourself?這蛋糕是你親自做的嗎?(yourself作主語you的同位語)
He himself was a doctor.他本人是個醫(yī)生。(himself作主語he的同位語)
The work itself isn't difficult.那項工作本身并不難。(itself做主語work的同位語)
(3)反身代詞用在be，feel，look，seem等連系動詞后作表語，表示身體或精神狀態(tài)處于正常。如I'm not myself
today.我今天感覺不舒服。
He is feeling himself again.他覺得自己健康如初。
(4)反身代詞還用于一些固定詞組或簡短會話中。如
Help yourself to some meat.請隨便吃些肉吧。
Make yourself at home.別客氣。
注意
反身代詞在句子中要與句子的.人稱和數(shù)保持一致，切不可隨意使用。如He didn't often go to look for food
himself.他自己不經(jīng)常去尋找食物。
【中考速遞】
[吉林中考考題] Last month，I went to the computer museum with my parents.We
enjoyed _____ and learned a lot.
A.us B.ourselves C.our
[四川達州中考考題] — Would you please come to play soccer with me?
— Sorry!My 5-year-old brother can't look after _____.
A.him B.himself C.his D.he
[四川成都中考考題] It's true that we are not born for _____.
A.us B.ours C.ourselves
[四川成都中考考題] — Liu Mei can speak Japanese so well!Who taught her?
— Nobody.She taught _____.
A.her B.hers C.herself
【答案點撥】
答案B句意“上個月，我和父母一起去了計算機博物館，我們玩得很開心還學到了許多。”enjoy
oneself意為“玩得開心;過得愉快”，故選B。
答案B句意“你能來和我一起踢足球嗎?”“很抱歉!我五歲的弟弟不能照顧自己�！敝髡ZMy 5-year-old
brother與介詞after后的賓語為同一人，用反身代詞himself表示“他自己”。故選B。
答案C句意我們不是為自己而生，這是真的。強調某人自己，用反身代詞。故選C。
答案C句意“劉梅日語說得這么好，誰教的她啊?”“沒人，她自學的�！眛each oneself是固定短語，意為“自學”，故選C。
初中英語語法總結7
冠詞是虛詞，本身不能單獨使用，也沒有詞義，它用在名詞的前面幫助指明名詞的含義。冠詞分為不定冠詞a(an)和定冠詞the兩種。不定冠詞僅用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前面，表示“一”的意義，但不強調數(shù)目觀念，只表示名詞為不特定者。定冠詞則表示名詞為特定者，表示“這”、“那”、“這些”、“那些”的'意思，在可數(shù)的單復數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞前面都可以用。
I不定冠詞
We need an apple and a knife.
我們需要一個蘋果和一把刀子。
1.a和an的區(qū)別
不定冠詞有a[+]和an[+Q]兩種形式，a用于輔音(不是輔音字母)開頭的詞前。an用于元音(不是元音字母)開頭的詞前。
a boy, a university, a European country
u是元音字母，但發(fā)音是[U(]，是輔音。
an hour，an honor，an island
h是輔音字母，但它不發(fā)音，它的音標是是元音。
an elephant，an umbrella，an egg
2(1)不定冠詞的用法
�、俜褐浮惾嘶蛭铩�
eg. This is a pencil case.
�、谥覆痪唧w的某個人或物。
eg. I met an old man On my way home.
�、塾迷谛驍�(shù)詞前,相當于another.
eg. There’s a third boy near the shop.
�、鼙硎尽懊俊�(個)”,相當于every.
eg. They have music lessons twice a week.
必背!
give a lesson take a bath have a rest
教(一堂)課洗(個)澡休息
have a talk have a fever have a good time
聽報告發(fā)燒過得愉快
have(take)a walk have a headache have a nice trip
散步頭疼旅途愉快
a lot of, a lot, a little, a few, a glass of, such a/an, have a word with, have a look, have a try, have a swim, a quarter, half an hour, three times a day, have a talk, give a talk, ten Yuan a kilo
(2)不定冠詞的位置
�、俨欢ü谠~—般放在所修飾的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前。
eg, a bike, an egg
�、诋斆~被such, what, many修飾時，不定冠詞放在這些詞之后。
eg.It took me half an hour to finish my homework.
He left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door.
What a dangerous job it is!
Many a man has gone to the big cities for work.
�、郛斆~前的形容詞前有so, how, too等詞時，不定冠詞應放在形容詞之后。
Eg. She was so nice a girl that she took the blind man to the station.
How nice a film this is!
④當名詞前面有形容詞和quite, rather, very時，不定冠詞放在quite, rather之后,very之前。
eg.It is quite a good book.
That is rather a useful too1.
This is a very interesting story.
初中英語語法總結8
陳述部分的謂語 疑問部分
I aren't I
Wish may +主語
no,nothing,nobody,never,
few, seldom, hardly, 肯定含義
rarely, little等否定
含義的詞
ought to（肯定的） shouldn't/ oughtn't +主語
have to+v.(had to+v.) don't +主語(didn't +主語)
used to didn't +主語或 usedn't +主語
had better + v. hadn't you
would rather + v. wouldn't +主語
you'd like to + v. wouldn't +主語
must 根據(jù)實際情況而定
感嘆句中 be +主語
Neither…nor,
either…or 連接的根 據(jù)其實際邏輯意義而定
并列主語
指示代詞或不定代詞
everything,that, 主語用it
nothing,this
并列復合句 謂語根據(jù)鄰近從句的謂語而定
定語從句,賓語從句的
主從復合句 根據(jù)主句的謂語而定
think,believe,expect,
suppose,imagine等引導 與賓語從句相對應的從句
everybody,anyone,
somebody,nobody,no one 復數(shù)they, 單數(shù)he
情態(tài)動詞dare或need need (dare ) +主語
dare, need 為實義動詞 do +主語
省去主語的祈使句 will you？
Let's 開頭的祈使句 Shall we?
Let us 開頭的祈使句 Will you?
there be 相應的謂語動詞+there(省略主語代詞）
否定前綴不能視為否定詞 仍用否定形式
must表"推測" 根據(jù)其推測的情況來確定反意疑問句
對上述的反意疑問句快速記憶表的總結，同學們是否懂了呢？
初中英語語法大全：動詞的種類
關于英語中動詞的種類知識，希望同學們很好的掌握下面的內容學習。
動詞的種類
動詞是表示動作或狀態(tài)的詞，按其詞義和在句子中的作用可分為行為動詞，連系動詞，助動詞和情態(tài)動詞。
1．行為動詞
行為動詞可分為及物動詞 (vt)和不及物動詞(vi)，及物動詞表示動作或狀態(tài)，有完整的詞義，能單獨作謂語，后跟賓語；不及物動詞表示動作或狀態(tài)，有完整的詞義，能單獨作謂語，但后面不能直接跟賓語，如要帶賓語則與介詞或副詞構成短語。
如：
More and more people study English.(vt)
The students are listening to the teacher carefully.(vi)
2．連系動詞
連系動詞本身有一定的詞義，但不能獨立作謂語，必須與表語一起構成謂語。常用的連系動詞有 be, get, turn, become, look, feel, grow, seem, sound, taste, smell等。
如：
Our country is becoming stronger and stronger.
It feels damp.
3．助動詞
助動詞本身無詞義，不能單獨作謂語，只能和主要動詞一起構成謂語動詞，表示否定，疑問及動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)等語法特征，助動詞有 be,do,have,shall,will等。
如：
How do you usually come to school?
The children are playing yo-yo now.
4．情態(tài)動詞
情態(tài)動詞本身有一定的意義，但不能獨立作謂語，只能和主要動詞原形一起構成謂語，表示說話人的語氣和情態(tài)。情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。情態(tài)動詞有 can (could),may(might),must, need, ought to, dare等。
如：
Can I help you?
- Must we go now? -No, you needn't .
a. can與be able to的用法有所區(qū)別。can只用于一般現(xiàn)在時和過去時，指本身有能力的"能"；be able to用于各種時態(tài)均可，指須經(jīng)過努力而"能"。
b. must與have/has to的用法。must表示說話人主觀認為"必須"，只用于一般現(xiàn)在時和一般將來時；have/has to表示客觀需要，意為"不得不"，它可用于各種時態(tài)。
c．need和dare既可作情態(tài)動詞也可作行為動詞。
以上對動詞的種類知識的內容講解學習，相信同學們已經(jīng)能很好的掌握了吧，希望同學們在考試中取得很好的成績。
初中英語語法大全：動詞不定式的形式
對于英語的學習中，關于動詞不定式的形式知識點的內容，我們做下面的講解學習哦。
動詞不定式的形式
1．作主語。 如：
To learn English is very important.
但實際上不定式作主語常用 it來作形式主語，而將不定式移至謂語動詞后作真正的主語。
如上句可表達為：
It's very important to learn English.
2．作表語。 如：
My idea is to ring him up at once.
3．作賓語。 如：
I have decided to go to Binjiang Primary School.
4．作賓語補足語。
a. ask, want, teach, tell, know, would like, allow等動詞后面接動詞不定式作賓語補足語。
如： The policemen asked him to get off the bus.
b. hear, see, look at, feel, watch, notice, listen to等動詞后接不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語。
如： We often see Miss Li clean the classroom.
c. let, make, have這些使役動詞后接不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語。但在被動語態(tài)中這些不帶to的都須帶上to。
如： In those days the bosses often made the workers work day and night.
d.動詞help接動詞不定式作賓語補足語，可帶to也可不帶to。
如： Can you help me (to) carry the heavy bag?
5．作定語。
a.與被修飾詞有動賓關系。如：I have something important to tell you.但如果不定式動詞為不及物動詞，后面的介詞千萬不要省略。
如： Maybe they have three rooms to live in.
b.與被修飾詞有主謂關系。
如： Mr Liang is always the first to come and the last to leave.
c.與被修飾之間只有修飾關系。
如： I have no time to play cards.
6．作狀語，表示目的、原因、方法、方向、結果等。
如： I'll go to meet my friend at the railway station.
7．不定式復合結構"for sb. to do sth" 作主語時，常用"It is +adj+ for
of sb. to do sth"的句式。形容詞good, bad, polite, unkind, kind, ice, clever,
right, wrong, careful等用"It is +adj +of sb. to do sth."
其他形容詞用 for。
如：
It's dangerous for you to ride so fast.
It's very kind of you to help me.
8．動詞不定式與疑問句who, what, which, when, how, where, whether等連用。
如： I don't know when to start.
He didn't tell me where to go.
但上面結構相當于一個從句，故上述句子也可表達為：
I don't know when we'll start.
He didn't tell me where he would go.
注意：
a.有些動詞或動詞短語不能帶不定式，只能接動詞的-ing形式。
如： enjoy, finish, keep, mind, miss(錯過),be busy, go on, keep on, be worth, practise等。
如： The peasants are busy picking apples.
Would you mind my opening the door?
b.有些動詞后可接不定式，也可接動詞的-ing形式，但意思不同。
如： Lu Jian forgot to post the letter.(該寄但還沒做)
Lu Jian forgot posting the letter.(已經(jīng)寄過信了)
They stopped to sing a song.(停止在做的工作而去做另一件工作)
They stopped singing.(停止正在做的工作)
希望上面對動詞不定式的形式知識的'內容講解學習，同學們都能很好的掌握，相信同學們會取得很好的成績的哦。
初中英語語法大全：短語動詞的四種類型
同學們認真學習，下面是老師對短語動詞的四種類型知識總結。
短語動詞的四種類型
動詞與介詞、副詞等構成的固定短語，叫短語動詞。主要有四類：
一、動詞+副詞
有的一般不跟賓語，如go ahead, fall behind, get up, lie down, go up, run out, give in, stay up等；有的可以跟賓語，如put out, carry out, give up, wake up, check in, eat up, fill in, find out, fix up, hand in, mix up, look up, make out, turn down, work out等。
注意：賓語是名詞時，放在副詞前面或后面都可以，但若作賓語的是人稱代詞時，就只能放在動詞和副詞之間了。如：
We’ve decided to put the meeting off (=put off the meeting) . 我們決定把會議推遲。
We’ve decided to put it off. 我們決定將它推遲。(不說put off it)
二、動詞+介詞
如ask for, care for, call for, break into, deal with, call on, look for等。后面必須接賓語。如：
I don’t care for tea. 我不喜歡喝茶。
三、動詞+副詞+介詞
如look forward to, put up with, looked up to, go in for, go along with, date back to, look down on, keep up with, add up to, run out of等。如：
She soon caught up with us. 她很快趕上了我們。
四、動詞+名詞+介詞
如take care of, pay attention to, make use of, make contribution to做出貢獻等。如：
Take care of your brother while I am away. 我不在的時候，你要照顧好你弟弟。
希望上面老師對短語動詞的四種類型知識的講解學習，同學們都能很好的掌握，相信同學們會學習的很好的哦。
初中英語語法大全：及物動詞與不及物動詞
關于英語中及物動詞與不及物動詞的知識學習，我們做下面的內容講解。
及物動詞與不及物動詞
根據(jù)其后是否帶賓語，動詞可分為及物動詞(帶賓語)和不及物動詞(不帶賓語)。如：
When will he arrive? 他什么時候到？(arrive 不帶賓語，為不及物動詞)
He reached Beijing yesterday. 他昨天到達北京。(reach 帶了賓語，為及物動詞)
有的動詞既可用作及物動詞也可用作不及物動詞：
The child is playing. 這小孩在玩。（不及物用法）
The child is playing the piano. 這小孩在彈鋼琴。（及物用法）
He is writing. 他在寫字。（不及物用法）
He is writing a letter. 他在寫信。（及物用法）
The boy is reading. 這男孩在閱讀。 （不及物用法）
The boy is reading a magazine. 這男孩在看雜志。（及物用法）
上面對及物動詞與不及物動詞知識的內容講解學習，希望給同學們的學習很好的幫助，相信同學們會學習的更好的吧。
初中英語語法大全：實義動詞與非實義動詞
下面是對英語中實義動詞與非實義動詞知識的內容講解，希望同學們很好的掌握。
實義動詞與非實義動詞
根據(jù)其含義和句子功用，動詞可分為實義動詞和非實義動詞(包括時態(tài)助動詞和情態(tài)助動詞等)。如：
He bought a story book. 他買了一本故事書。(buy 為實義動詞)
He has read the story book. 他已讀過這本故事書。(has 為時態(tài)助動詞，read為實意動詞)
He should read the story book. 他應該讀讀這本故事書。(should 為情態(tài)助動詞,red為實義動詞)
上面對實義動詞與非實義動詞知識的內容講解學習，相信同學們已經(jīng)能很好的掌握了吧，希望同學們考試成功。
初中英語語法總結9
名詞指代物體、事物和人，例如：電腦、椅子、沙灘、門警等等。名詞是英語中八大詞類之一。指代物體的可數(shù)名詞有兩種形式：單數(shù)形式和復數(shù)形式。本篇關于名詞復數(shù)的指南可以幫助你理解名詞復數(shù)的規(guī)則形式和不規(guī)則形式。在英語中，需要學習的還有動詞的不規(guī)則形式、以及與名詞復數(shù)形式很相似的形容詞比較級和最高級。
普通的名詞復數(shù)形式——加上-s
對于大多數(shù)名詞來說，只需要在詞尾加上-s。
單數(shù)名詞+s=復數(shù)名詞
computer -> computers
(電腦)
bag -> bags
(包)
book -> books
(書)
table -> tables
(桌)
house -> houses
(房子)
car -> cars
(汽車)
student -> students
(學生)
place -> places
(地點)
不規(guī)則名詞的復數(shù)形式-以輔音+y結尾的名詞
以輔音+y結尾的名詞，去掉y，詞尾加上ies。
以y結尾的單數(shù)名詞+ies=復數(shù)名詞
baby -> babies
(寶貝)
party -> parties
(聚會)
paddy -> paddies
(稻田)
hobby -> hobbies
(習慣)
lady -> ladies
(女士)
ferry -> ferries
(渡輪)
sherry -> sherries
(雪莉酒)
dandy -> dandies
(花花公子)
不規(guī)則名詞的.復數(shù)形式——以SH, Ch, S, X,或Z[/cn]
以SH, Ch, S, X,或Z結尾的名詞，在詞尾加上es。
以SH, Ch, S, X,或Z結尾的名詞+es=復數(shù)名詞
beach -> beaches
(沙灘)
box -> boxes
(箱子)
church -> churches
(教堂)
buzz -> buzzes
(嗡嗡聲)
loss -> losses
(損失)
fox -> foxes
(狐貍)
watch -> watches
(手表)
dress -> dresses
(裙子)
不規(guī)則名詞的復數(shù)形式——以o結尾的名詞
許多以輔音+o結尾的名詞，o后面會在s前再加上一個e。
不幸的是，也有很多以o結尾的名詞不需要做出改動。首先，這里有一些需要做出改動的例子。
以輔音+o結尾的單數(shù)名詞+es=復數(shù)形式
tomato -> tomatoes
(番茄)
hero -> heroes
(英雄)
zero -> zeroes
(零)
potato -> potatoes
(土豆)
echo -> echoes
(回聲)
其他以輔音+0結尾的名詞不需要在詞尾加上-es。
以元音+o結尾的名詞不需要做出改動
kilo -> kilos
(公斤)
radio -> radios
(收音機)
logo -> logos
(邏輯)
piano -> pianos
(鋼琴)
solo -> solos
(獨奏曲)
cargo -> cargos
(貨物)
halo -> halos
(光暈)
初中英語語法總結10
感嘆句是表示驚異和喜、怒、哀、樂等強烈感情的句子。感嘆句通常由what和how開頭，句末用感嘆號，讀時用降調。How修飾形容詞、副詞或句子;What修飾名詞。
what引起的感嘆句結構
What+(a/an)+形容詞+名詞+主語+謂語!如
What a clever boy he is!(他是個)多么聰明的男孩啊!
What an interesting story it is!(這是個)多么有趣的故事啊!
What fine weather it is!多好的天氣啊!
What beautiful flowers they are!(它們是)多么漂亮的花啊!
注意
在感嘆句中，What a/an 常用來修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，若其前面的形容詞為元音開頭，則用an。what
用來修飾復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。但有些不可數(shù)名詞，如 rain，surprise，breakfast，lunch
等，當前面有形容詞修飾，使抽象名詞具體化時，則要用 what a/an，如
What a heavy rain it is!多大的一場雨啊!
What a great surprise it is!這多么令人驚奇啊!
What a rich breakfast it is!多么豐盛的一頓早餐啊!
How引起的感嘆句結構
How+形容詞/副詞+主語+謂語!如
How well you look!你氣色真好!
How kind you are!你心腸真好!
How beautifully you sing!你唱得真好聽!
Strawberries!How nice!草莓!多好呀!
How clever the boy is!這個男孩多么聰明啊!
How fast he runs!他跑得多么快啊!
注意
how還可以修飾動詞構成感嘆句，但動詞不提前。如
How I want to be a doctor!我多么想成為一名醫(yī)生啊!
How she dances!她跳得多好啊!
How I missed you.我多么想念你啊。
How you've grown!你都長這么大啦!
How you've changed!你的變化真大!
How he wished for a drink!他多希望能有點東西喝!
How things get around!Everyone must know you are in
town.消息傳得多快!人們一定都知道你到城里來了。
what感嘆句與how感嘆句的轉換
what感嘆句和how感嘆句有時候可以相互轉換。如
How interesting the book is!
=What an interesting book it is!這本書多有趣啊!
沒有感嘆詞的`感嘆句
感嘆句除用what和how引出外，還可有其他許多形式，如可用陳述句、疑問句、祈使句等表達感嘆語氣，有時甚至一個單詞或一個短語也可用作感嘆句。如
Stop talking!不要講話了!
Isn't it a lovely day!天氣真好!
The garden looks so lovely today!這花園今天真美!
Fire!失火了!
Very good!很好!
【中考速遞】
[上海中考考題] _____ wonderful speech Emma gave at the UN conference!
A.How B.What C.What a D.What an
[廣東中考考題]Tommy，_____ play basketball in the street next time.You may get
hit by a car.
A.do B.don't C.must D.mustn't
[山東濟南中考考題] — _____ dressed now!We have to go in ten minutes.
— OK，Mom.
A.Getting B.Get C.To get D.dots
[陜西中考考題] — Volunteers from Lantian Saving Team have saved many travellers
in the mountains.
— _____ they are!
A.How great a man B.How great men
C.What a great man D.What great men
[吉林長春中考考題] _____ great news it is!We'll have a school trip next week.
A.What a B.What C.How a D.How
[云南昆明中考考題] — Have you watched the boat races this Dragon Boat
Festival?
— Yes._____ wonderful races!
A.What an B.What a C.What D.How
【答案點撥】
答案C 句意Emma在聯(lián)合國會議上做了一場非常精彩的演講。由句意可知考查感嘆句;由中心詞speech可知用what
a引起感嘆句，故選C。
答案B 考查祈使句。句意湯米，下次不要在街上踢足球了。汽車可能會撞著你。由句意可知這里考查祈使句的否定式，故選B。
答案B 句意“現(xiàn)在就穿衣服!十分鐘之內我們必須走。”“好的，媽媽�！庇删湟饪芍@是一個祈使句，動詞要用原形。故選B。
答案D
句意“藍天救援隊的志愿者已在山中救出了許多游客�！薄八麄兪嵌嗝磦ゴ蟮娜税�!”由句意可知后句為感嘆句;由感嘆句中的they可知man用復數(shù)men，且用what引起感嘆句，故選D。
答案B 句意這是多么棒的消息呀!我們下周將有一個學校旅行。news是不可數(shù)名詞，用what引導感嘆句，故選B。
答案C 句意“在這次端午節(jié)你看過龍舟賽了嗎?”“是的。多么精彩的比賽啊!”由句末的復數(shù)名詞races可知用what引導感嘆句，故選C。
【語法專練 體驗中考】
[山東濟南] — Making paper bottles?Wow，_____ great idea!
— Thank you.We may use less plastic in this way.
A.how B.what C.what an D.what a
[青海西寧] Do you want to be healthy?_____.Smiling can help you stay
healthy.
A.Smile B.Smiling C.To smile D.Smiled
[吉林長春] _____ me an e-mail before you come to Hangzhou.I'll meet you at
the airport.
A.Sending B.To send C.Sends D.Send
[云南考題] _____ exciting boat race it was!Many people watched it.
A.What a B.What an C.How D.How a
[黑龍江齊齊哈爾] The girl got the only chance to study abroad._____ proud her
parents felt!
A.How B.What C.What a
[湖北黃石] _____ to smile at your life when you are in trouble，and you will
soon be happy again.
A.Try B.To try C.Trying D.Tried
[四川攀枝花] _____ your umbrella，or you'll catch a cold on such a rainy
day.
A.Take B.To take C.Taking D.Takes
[黑龍江綏化] _____ cold weather it is!
A.How a B.What a C.What
[湖南湘西] — _____ run in the hallways，Mike.
— Sorry.Ms.Clark.
A.Don't B.Please C.No
10.[山東泰安] As we all know，life is short but amazing._____ it!
A.Enjoy B.To enjoy C.Enjoying D.Enjoyed
1[重慶考題] — Jack，don't always copy what others do._____ your
head，please.
— Thanks for telling me.
A.Using B.Used C.Uses D.Use
1[湖南常德] We have to say goodbye._____ time flies!
A.What B.How C.What a
【答案速遞】
D A D B A A A C A 10.A 1D 1B
初中英語語法總結11
【—一般過去時用法的】一般過去時表示在過去確定的時間里所發(fā)生的`動作或存在的狀態(tài)或者是在過去一段時間內經(jīng)常性或習慣性的動作。
1）在確定的過去時間里所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。
時間狀語有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
Where did you go just now?
2）表示在過去一段時間內，經(jīng)常性或習慣性的動作。
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
3）句型：
It is time for sb. to do sth "到……時間了" "該……了"
It is time sb. did sth. "時間已遲了" "早該……了"
It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。
It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'寧愿某人做某事'
I'd rather you came tomorrow.
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時，作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等。
I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。
比較：
一般過去時表示的動作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去，現(xiàn)已不復存在。
Christine was an invalid all her life.
(含義：她已不在人間。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.
(含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含義：達比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
( 含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去)
注意： 用過去時表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語氣。
1）動詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
Did you want anything else?
I wondered if you could help me.
2）情態(tài)動詞 could, would.
Could you lend me your bike?
一般過去式與一般現(xiàn)在時所表示的很相像，但一個表示過去，一個表示的是現(xiàn)在所發(fā)生的。
初中英語語法總結12
【—輔導之構詞法】關于構詞法的.英語語法知識，希望同學們認真學習。
構詞法
英語構詞法主要有：合成法、派生法和轉換法。
1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法：
(1)派生名詞：①動詞+er/or ②動詞+ing ③動詞+(t)ion ④形容詞+ness ⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容詞：①名詞+y ②名詞+ful ③動詞+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩國名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副詞：①形容詞+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等。
3、轉換法：
(1)形容詞→動詞,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)→clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。
(2)動詞→名詞,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名詞→動詞,如：hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對)等等。
(4)形容詞→副詞,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副詞→連詞,如：when(什么時候)→(當……時候),等等。
(6)介詞→副詞,如：in(到……里)→(在里面；在家),on(在…上)→(進行,繼續(xù)),等等。
初中英語語法總結13
常用動詞注意事薦
動詞注意點
一、主動表被動的情況
感觀系動詞，look, seem, sound, feel, smell, taste等
eg. The fish tastes nice.
measure, weigh等表示度量的動詞。
eg. The elephant weights nearly a ton.
wash, clean, open, sell, read, last, write, steer等不及物動詞可以表示被動意義。eg. The ship steer easily.
二、被動句表示主動含義。
She was dressed in a red skirt.
此類動詞常見于dress, seat, devote, adapt, accustom等后面可以接反身代詞的動詞。
二、時態(tài)，語態(tài)
用進行時表示一種情緒。
She is always helping others.(表贊揚)
The man is always smoking in the office, which offends others very much.
一般過去時表示某一動作已完成，過去進行時表示動作可能未完成。
He wrote a letter yesterday morning.(信已寫完)
He was writing a letter yesterday evening. (信可能還未寫完)
現(xiàn)在完成時可表示動作持續(xù)至今，一般過去時則表示動作已結束，并不強調對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結果。
I have lived in this street.(我一直住這條街上)
I lived in this street.(我曾住在這條街上)
表示幾個連續(xù)動作時，盡管有先后，仍要用相同時態(tài)。
He came into the classroom, put down the book and wrote a few words on the blackboard.
在條件和時間狀語從句中常用一般時表示將來。
敘述過去發(fā)生的某件事情常用一般過去時，表示過去某個時間或動作之后發(fā)生的事情才用過去將來時，過去某個時刻/段內正發(fā)生的事情，才用過去進行時，過去某個時間或動作之前發(fā)生的事情才用過去完成時。因此找準時間的參照點，是正確運用時態(tài)的關鍵。
羅列并熟記各種時態(tài)的被動形式。
三.動詞的類別與特征中的注意點
兼作Vt., Vi.的動詞
(1)對兼作Vt., Vi.的動詞，要注意根據(jù)不同的情況選擇使用。
The children are flying their kites in the square.( Vt.)
We saw a plane flying high up in the sky.( Vi.)
(2)有些動詞后跟從句時為Vt.，其它情況為Vi.，但意義基本不變。典型的有wonder, think, insist, agree,等。
The headmaster insisted that the students should wear school uniforms .
The headmaster insisted on the students wearing school uniforms.
(3)有些動詞在Vt. Vi.之間，意義有所不同。如run, stand, lie等
She stood alone under the tree.
I can’t stand such cold weather.
常用的雙賓動詞有give, teach, lend, bring, explain, send, offer, pay, sell, buy, tell, show, write, ask, wish, read等，這些動詞都帶有一定的趨向性。因此轉換成帶介詞的`情況時，�？捎胒or , to來轉換。
注意explain sth. to sb.=explain to sb. sth., describe sth. to sb.=describe to sb. sth.
帶賓補的動詞，注意賓補的邏輯主語是動詞賓語
賓補常是名詞、形容詞、介詞短語，副詞和非謂語動詞等。常見的此類動詞有make, have, let, get, keep, find, see, feel, notice等，但要注意不同的動詞有不同的接法。
He kept the children (keep不能用不定式作賓補)
Make…do, have…do/doing/done，get…to do/done, find…doing/done, leave…to do/doing/介詞短語/ see…doing/do/done
后面常接-ing的動詞及短語suggest, finish, avoid, can’t help, mind, need, enjoy, require, postpone, delay, practice, fancy, excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny, admit, endure, escape, miss, appreciate, dislike, have a good time doing, put off, call off, give up
有些動詞后面接to do和-ing時意義基本相同，而有的則完全不同，要注意
Love, like, hate, forget, remember, stop, begin, start, continue, prefer, regret, intend, mean, want, need, require, neglect, try, deserve, can’t bear等
注意狀態(tài)動詞和動態(tài)動詞的選用
Mother asked the son to notice his manners at the party. (notice就改為mind)
再如listen/hear, look/see, look for/find, advise/persuade, marry/be married, join/be in等。
注意have表“有”時，及系動詞一般不能用進行時態(tài)。
注意表示“有”時，have與there be的選用
注意動詞詞組分類(見)，尤其要注意各類動詞詞組的使用特點及有的動詞詞組的主被動轉換使用。
Make use of sth→sth is made use of(介詞不要掉了)/use is made of sth.
10.Hope, intend, expect, plan, want, think, mean等動詞用過去完成時表示沒有實現(xiàn)的愿望，計劃，打算等。
初中英語語法總結14
名詞
名詞的可數(shù)與不可數(shù)
可數(shù)名詞指表示的人或事物可以用數(shù)來計量，它有單數(shù)與復數(shù)兩種形式。不可數(shù)名詞指所表示的事物不能用數(shù)來計量。物質名詞與抽象名詞一般無法用數(shù)目，來統(tǒng)計，都成為不可數(shù)名詞。
不可數(shù)名詞前一般不能用冠詞a、an來表示數(shù)量，沒有復數(shù)形式。要表示“一個……”這一概念，就須加a piece
of這一類短語。要注意許多名詞在漢語里看來是可數(shù)名詞，在英語里卻不可數(shù)。如chalk，paper，bread，rice，grass，news等。
名詞復數(shù)的規(guī)則變化
A.一般情況下加-s。
B.以s, x, ch, sh, 結尾的加-es
C.以輔音字母加y結尾的改y為i再加-es
D.以f，fe結尾的，去掉f或fe，變成v再加-es
名詞的所有格
A. 單數(shù)名詞詞尾加’s，復數(shù)名詞詞尾若沒有s，也要加’s。
如the worker's bike，the Children’ s ball
B. 表示幾個人共有一樣東西，只需在最后一個人的名字后加’ s若表示各自所有，則需在各個名字后’ s。
如This is Lucy and Licy’ s room.These are Kate's and jack’ s rooms.
C. 如果是通過在詞尾加—s構成的復數(shù)形式的名詞，只加’。如the students’ books，the girls’ blouses
(另外名詞+of+名詞名詞是有生命的，我們就用’s結構來表示所有關系。如果名詞所表示的事物是無生命的，我們就要用名詞+of+名詞的結構來表示所有關系。)
代詞
人稱代詞，物主代詞，反身代詞，指示代詞，不定代詞
人稱代詞
第一人稱單數(shù)I me my mine myself復數(shù) we us our ours ourselves
第二人稱單數(shù) you you your yours yourself復數(shù) you you your yours yourselves
第三人稱單數(shù) he him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it its its
itself復數(shù)
they them their theirs themselves
物主代詞
物主代詞的用法形容詞性物主代詞后面一定要跟上一個名詞;名詞性物主代詞可作主語、表語、賓語。
反身代詞
反身代詞的構成分兩種第一、二人稱反身代詞在形容詞性物主代詞后加上self或selves，第三人稱的反身代詞在賓格代詞后加上self或selves.
反身代詞的用法一種是作賓語，由主語發(fā)出的動作又回到動作者本身。如I enjoyed myself at the party.
另一種是作名詞或代詞的同位語;用來加強語氣。如I can do it myself.
指示代詞
指示代詞的特殊用法
● 為了避免重復，可用that，those代替前面提到過的名詞，但是this，these不可以。
this，that有時可代替句子或句子中的一部分。
不定代詞
one,some,any,other,another,all,both,each,neither,many,much等
冠詞
不定冠詞an用在元音讀音開頭(不是指元音字母)的詞前，其余用不定冠詞a.
定冠詞的基本用法
A. 用在重新提到的人或事物前面。
B. 指談話雙方都知道的'人或事物前面。
C. 用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前面，表示某一類人或事物。
定冠詞的特殊用法
A. 用在世界上獨一無二的事物或方位名詞前。
B. 用在序數(shù)詞、形容詞的最高級及only所修飾的名詞前。
C. 用在江河、海洋、山脈、湖泊、群島的名稱前面。
D. 用在由普通名詞和另外一些詞所構成的專有名詞前面。
E. 用在姓氏的復數(shù)形式前面，表示全家人或這一姓的夫婦二人。
F. 用在樂器名稱前。
G. 和某些形容詞連用，表示某一類人或事物。
名詞前不用冠詞的情況
A. 在專有名詞 (包括人名、地名、節(jié)日、月份、季節(jié)) 、物質名詞和抽象名詞前—般不用冠詞。但在以Festival組成的民間節(jié)日前要加the。
B. 表示一類人或事物的復數(shù)名詞前。
C. 名詞前有物主代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞或名詞所有格修飾時，不用冠詞。
D. 三餐飯、球類、棋類、游戲名稱前一般不用冠詞。正在有些詞組中，有無冠詞含義不同。
(sit) at table就餐; sit at the table坐在桌邊
go to school去上學;go to the school去那所學校;in hospital住院;in the
hospital在那個醫(yī)院里
初中英語語法總結15
一、一般時態(tài)
1、一般現(xiàn)在時
(1)一般現(xiàn)在時表示沒有時限的持久存在的動作或狀態(tài)或現(xiàn)階段反復發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，常和副詞usually，often，always sometimes， regularly，near，occasionally，every year, every week等連用。例如：
1)The moon moves round the earth..
2)Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day.
(2)在由after，until，before，once，when，even if，in case，as long as，as soon as，the moment以及if，unless等引導的時間狀語從句或條件狀語從句中，通常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。例如：
1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.
2)I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.
(3)某些表示起始的動詞，可用一般現(xiàn)在時表示按規(guī)定、計劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作，這類動詞有：be，go，come，start，depart，arrive，begin，leave等。例如：
1)The plane leaves at three sharp.
2)The new teachers arrive tomorrow.
(4)在由why，what，where，whoever，who，that，as等引導的從句中，也常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。例如：
1)Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.
2)You’ll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.
2.一般過去時
(1)表示過去某一特定時間所發(fā)生的、可完成的動作或狀態(tài)，常與表示確切過去時間的詞、短語或從句連用。例如：
We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.
(2)表示過去習慣性動作。例如：
1)He always went to class last.
2)I used to do my homework in the library.
(注意與be used to doing短語的區(qū)別)
3.一般將來時
1)表示將來打算進行或期待發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)。例如：
I shall graduate next year.
2)幾種替代形式：
1)be going to +v在口語中廣泛使用，表示準備做或將發(fā)生的事情。例如：
I’m going to buy a house when we’ve saved enough money.
2)be to +v表示計劃安排要做的事，具有“必要”的強制性意義。例如：
I am to play tennis this afternoon.
3)be about to +v表示即將發(fā)生的事情。例如：
He was about to start.
4)be due to +v表示預先確定了的事，必定發(fā)生的事。例如：
The train is due to depart in ten minutes.
5)be on the point/verge of +v – ing強調即將發(fā)生的某種事態(tài)。例如：
The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home
二、進行時態(tài)
1.現(xiàn)在進行時
(1)表示現(xiàn)在正在進行的動作，常與now，right now，at the mother，for the time being，for the present等連用。例如：
Don’t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.
(2)表示現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作，常與always，continually，forever，constantly等連用。例如：
My father is forever criticizing me.
(3)表示根據(jù)計劃或安排在最近要進行的事情。具有這種語法功能的動詞僅限于過渡性動詞。即表示從一個狀態(tài)或位置轉移到另一個狀態(tài)或位置上去的動詞。常用的有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，return等。例如：
They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.
(4)有些動詞不能用進行時，這是一類表示“感覺，感情，存在，從屬”等的動詞。如：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，look，appear，(表示感覺的.詞);hate，love，fear，like，want，wish，prefer，refuse，forgive(表示感情的動詞);be，exist，remain，stay，obtain(表示存在狀態(tài)的動詞);have，possess，own，contain，belong，consist of，form(表示占有與從屬的動詞);understand，know，believe，think，doubt，forget，remember(表示思考理解的動詞)。但是如果它們詞義改變，便也可用進行時態(tài)。例如：
1)Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him?
(look在此為聯(lián)系動詞，意為“顯得，看上去”)
2)Tom is looking for his books.
(look在此為實義動詞，意為“尋找”)
2.過去進行時
過去進行時表示一個過去的動作發(fā)生時或發(fā)生后，另一個過去的動作正在進行，或表示過去反復的習慣，常與always，continually，constantly等動詞連用。例如：
1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.
2)Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.
3.將來進行時
將來進行時主要表示將來某一時刻正在進行的動作，或表示要在將來某一時刻開始，并繼續(xù)下去的動作。常用來表示禮貌的詢問、請求等。例如：
1)This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.
2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?
4.完成進行時
(現(xiàn)在、過去、將來)完成進行時是(現(xiàn)在、過去、將來)完成時的強調形式，將放在完成時態(tài)部分講述。
三、完成時態(tài)
完成時態(tài)通常表示已完成或從事的動作。它可分為：
1.現(xiàn)在完成時
(1)現(xiàn)在完成時用來表示對目前狀況仍有影響的，剛剛完成的動作(常與yet，already，just連用)，或者過去某一時刻發(fā)生的，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的情況(常與for，since連用)。例如：
1)I have just finished my homework.
2)Mary has been ill for three days.
(2)常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用的時間狀語有：since, for, during, over等引導出的短語;副詞already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等;狀語詞組this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如：
1)I haven’t been there for five years.
2)So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.
3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978.
(3)完成時態(tài)可用在下列結構中：
This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定語從句;This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定語從句;This (That, It) is (was) +形容詞最高級+ n +定語從句。如果主句的謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時，從句的謂語動詞通常用現(xiàn)在完成時;如果主句謂語動詞是一般過去時，從句謂語動詞通常用過去完成時。例如：
(1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.
(2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.
2.過去完成時
(1)表示過去某時間前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作或情況，這個過去的時間可以用by，before等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句來表示;或者表示一個動作在另一個過去動作之前已經(jīng)完成。例如：
1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.
2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.
(2)動詞expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用過去完成時，表示過去的希望、預期、意圖或愿望等沒有實現(xiàn)。例如：
I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.
另外兩種表示“過去想做而未做的事”的表達方式是：
1)was / were + to have done sth,例如：
We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.
2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth,例如：
I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
(3)過去完成時常用于以下固定句型：
1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 過去完成時+ when + 過去時。例如：
Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.
2)no sooner +過去完成時+ than +過去時。例如：
No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.
3)by (the end of ) +過去時間，主句中謂語動詞用過去完成時。例如：
The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.
3.將來完成時
將來完成時表示在將來某一時刻將完成或在另一個未來的動作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動作;也可以用來表示一種猜測。常與將來完成時連用的時間狀語有：by (the time / the end of ) +表示將來時間的短語和句子;before (the end of ) +表示將來時間的詞語或句子;when, after等加上表示將來動作的句子等。例如：
1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.
2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock.
3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.
4.完成進行時
完成進行時是完成時的強調形式，有現(xiàn)在完成進行時，過去完成進行時，將來完成進行時。
(1)現(xiàn)在完成進行時表示過去某一時刻之前開始的動作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過去某一時刻。例如：
I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it.
(2)過去完成進行時表示過去某一時刻之前開始的動作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過去某一時刻。例如：
It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.
(3)將來完成進行時表示在將來某一時刻之前開始的一個動作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到將來某一時刻。例如：
By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.
四：時態(tài)一致
時態(tài)一致是英語四、六級考試的一個重要內容。通常應由主句謂語的時態(tài)決定從句的謂語時態(tài)。一般原則是：
1、當主句謂語使用現(xiàn)在時或將來時，從句的謂語根據(jù)具體情況使用任何時態(tài)
He says that he lives in Wuhan.
We hope that there will be many people at your party today.
“Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I don’t know who bought it.”
“There’s a lot of excitement on the street.”
“There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?”
2、當主句謂語使用過去時的時候，從句的謂語必須使用過去范圍的時態(tài)
He said he was writing a novel.
The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment.
He said his father had been an engineer.
3、當從句是表示沒有時間概念的真理時，從句的謂語應使用一般現(xiàn)在時。例如：
The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder.
注：在此種情況下，即使主句謂語用了過去式的各種時態(tài)，從句謂語也應用一般現(xiàn)在時。
4、從句謂語只能用虛擬語氣的情況
利用時態(tài)一致原則確定從句動詞時態(tài)時，還應注意，若主語動詞是表示命令、請求、要求、建議、勸告等的動詞，從句謂語只能用虛擬語氣，不能遵循時態(tài)一致原則。例如：
We insisted that we do it ourselves.
動詞的語態(tài)
語態(tài)也是動詞的一種形式，英語有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，而被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。
1)We use electricity to run machines. (主動語態(tài))
2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被動語態(tài))
1.不能用于被動語態(tài)的動詞和短語
(1)在英語中，不及物動詞不能用于被動語態(tài)，但有些不及物動詞(包括短語)容易引起誤用。如：appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。
(2)某些表示狀態(tài)或特征的及物動詞，如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也沒有被動語態(tài)。
2.被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)形式
常用的被動語態(tài)有表1所列的幾種時態(tài)形式。
SPAN> 一般時 進行時 完成時
現(xiàn)在 am asked am being asked
is asked is being asked
are asked are being asked
過去
was be asked was being asked
were be asked were being asked
將來 shall be asked shall have been asked
will be asked will have been asked
過去 should be asked should have been asked
將來 would be asked would have been asked
3.短語動詞的被動語態(tài)
短語動詞轉換為被動語態(tài)時，通常被看作是一個動詞，后面的介詞或副詞不能拆開或省略。例如：
1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.
2)All the rubbish should be got rid of.
4.“get + -ed分詞”的被動語態(tài)
“get + -ed分詞”結構強調動作的結果，而非動作本身，常用來表示突發(fā)性的，出乎意料的偶然事件。例如：
The boy got hurt on his way home from work.
另外，“get + -ed分詞”還可用于談論為自己做的事，是主動的行為而不是被動的行為。例如：
get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(離婚)
get engaged(訂婚) get confused(迷惑不解)
get lost(迷路) get washed(洗臉)
get married(結婚)
5.能帶兩個賓語和復合賓語的動詞改為被動語態(tài)
(1)能帶兩個賓語的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，一次只能由一個賓語作主語，另一個賓語被保留下來。例如：
1)We showed the visitors our new products.(主動語態(tài))
2)The visitors were shown our new products.(被動語態(tài))
3)Our new products were shown to the visitors.(被動語態(tài))
(2)能帶復合賓語的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，原來的賓語補足語變?yōu)橹髡Z補足語。例如：
1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主動語態(tài))
2)He was appointed League secretary.(被動語態(tài))
6.被動語態(tài)與系表結構的區(qū)別
(1)The novel was well written.(系表結構)
(2)The novel was written by Diskens.(被動語態(tài))
7.少數(shù)動詞的主動語態(tài)有時有被動的意思
例1：The book is selling remarkably well.
例2：The song sounds very beautiful.
能這樣用的動詞還有read(讀起來)，clean(擦起來)，wash(洗起來)，write(寫起來)。
例3：My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned).
能像need這樣用的動詞還有：want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等。
例4：The meat is cooking.
例5：The book written by the professor is printing.
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