- 八年級英語語法資料 推薦度:
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英語語法資料
英語語法資料1
小升初英語語法:基數(shù)詞
1-10: one two three four five six seven eight nine ten
11-19: eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen nineteen
20-29: twenty 21twenty-one以此類推
30-39: thirty 31thirty-one以此類推
40-49: forty 41forty-one以此類推
50-59: fifty 51fifty-one以此類推
60-69: sixty 61sixty-one以此類推
70-79: seventy 71seventy-one以此類推
80-89: eighty 81eighty-one以此類推
90-99: ninety 91ninety-one以此類推
100: one hundred
1000: one thousand
10000: ten thousand
一百萬: one million
小升初英語語法:many&much的用法與區(qū)別
Many,much都意為"許多"
many + 可數(shù)名詞,much + 不可數(shù)名詞
【例句】
How many people are there at the meeting?
How much time has we left?
Many of the workers were at the meeting.
Much of the time was spent on learning.
小升初英語語法:few,little,a few,a little的用法與區(qū)別
(a) few + 可數(shù)名詞, (a) little + 不可數(shù)名詞
a few / a little 為肯定含義,還有一點
few / little 為否定含義,沒有多少了。
He has a few friends. 他有幾個朋友。
He has few friends. 他幾乎沒有朋友。
We still have a little time. 我們還有點時間。
There is little time left.幾乎沒剩下什么時間了。
典型例題:
Although he 's wealthy,he spends___ on clothes.
A. little B. few C. a little D. a few
答案: A. spend所指的是錢,不可數(shù),只能用little或 a little. 本句為although引導的讓步狀語從句,由句意知后句為否定含義,因此應用little表示幾乎不。
固定搭配:
only a few (=few)
not a few (=many)
quite a few (=many)
many a (=many)
Many books were sold.
Many a book was sold.
賣出了許多書。
小升初英語語法專項練習:call用法
【導讀】小升初考試在即,以下內(nèi)容整理的是小升初英語語法專項練習:call用法,希望對大家有所幫助。希望小考生們?nèi)〉煤贸煽儭?/p>
call既可用作動詞,又可用作名詞? call用作動詞時,既可作及物動詞用,也可作不及物動詞用?現(xiàn)對其用法作一簡單歸納:
一. 用作及物動詞時有以下意義:
1. 叫;呼喚;叫來?例如:
Call a doctor at once. 快點叫個醫(yī)生來?
I called you but you didn’t hear me. 我喊你,但你卻沒聽見?
Call a taxi for me. 幫我叫輛出租車?
2. 稱(某人)為……,取名?例如:
His friends call him Bob. 他的朋友都叫他鮑勃?
3. 認為;稱為……?例如:
We called this a success. 我們認為這是一件成功的事?
4. 給……打電話?例如:
I called him this morning. 今天早上我給他打了個電話?
5. 邀請?例如:
Will you call the family to dinner? 你要邀請那一家來吃飯嗎?
二. call用作不及物動詞時有以下意義:
1. 呼;喊;大叫?例如:
She called to me for help. 她向我呼救?
2. 訪問;拜訪?例如:
A lady called while you were out. 你不在家的時候,有個女士來訪?
3. 要求?例如:
Obey when duty calls. 服從工作需要?
4. 打電話?例如:
He promised to call at noon. 他答應中午打電話來?
三. call用作名詞時有以下意義:
1. 呼聲;叫聲?例如:
We heard a call for help last night. 昨晚我們聽到呼救聲?
2. 訪問?例如:
He made several calls during the day. 他在那一天中拜訪了好幾個人?
3. 電話;通話?例如:
I’ve just had a call from Tom. 我剛剛接到湯姆打來的電話?
4. 需要;要求?例如:
She is a busy woman with many calls on her time. 她是個大忙人,有很多事等著她去辦?
四. 含call的常用短語有:
1. call on/upon sb to do sth號召某人干某事;懇求?請(叫)某人干某事?例如:
The headmaster called on the students to work harder. 校長號召學生們更努力地學習?
We are calling upon you to help us. 我們懇求你的幫助?
2. call on/upon sb拜訪;看望某人; call at somewhere登門拜訪?例如:
I called on the Smiths yesterday. 我昨天拜訪了史密斯一家人?
I called at the Smith’s yesterday. 我昨天去了史密斯家?
I called on the doctor yesterday. 我昨天去看了醫(yī)生?
I called at the doctor’s yesterday. 我昨天去了醫(yī)務室?
3. call out大聲叫喊?例如:
The boy called out for help to the people on the shore. 那個男孩向岸上的人大聲呼救?
4. call in 找來;請來(有目的,為了某一任務)?例如:
Your father is ill, you should call in a doctor at once. 你父親病了,你應該馬上請個大夫來?
The police have been called in to help make it clear. 已請來了警察幫忙把這件事弄清楚?
5. call for要求,需要;提倡,號召; 叫(某人);接(某人,某物);喊著要……?例如:
People are calling for freedom of all slaves. 人們要求解放所有的奴隸?
Your plan will call for a lot of manpower and money. 你的計劃需要花大量的人力和財力?
Success calls for hard work. 成功要靠勤奮?
The workers are calling for strike action in that country. 那個國家的工人們正在號召起來罷工?
Our experiment will call for a lot of money. 我們的實驗將需要許多錢?
The baby is calling for his mother. 孩子哭著找媽媽?
I will call for you at ten o’clock. 我10點鐘來接你?
The man sat down and called for a glass of beer. 那個人坐下來,要了一杯啤酒?
6. call up給……打電話;征召;使想起(往事);叫醒?例如:
On reaching Beijing, she called up her mother. 一到北京,她就給她母親打了電話?
Call me up if you have any questions. 如果你有問題要問,請給我打電話?
In most countries, men are called up at the age of eighteen. 在大多數(shù)國家,男子18歲就被征召服役?
His brother was called up right at the beginning of war. 戰(zhàn)爭一開始,他哥哥就被征召入伍?
The photo calls up the story of my grandmother. 這張照片使我想起了我的祖母?
The sound of the birds called up happy memories of my childhood holidays. 鳥叫聲使我想起我童年時度假的美好回憶?
What time shall I call you up? 我?guī)c叫你起床?
The doctor was called up four times last night to attend the case. 醫(yī)生昨晚被叫了四次來料理這個病人?
8. call away 叫走;把……叫開?例如:
She was called away from the meeting to answer an urgent phone call. 她被叫出會場去接一個緊急電話?
9. call back 叫回,召回;回電話?例如:
They called him back from America. 他們把他從美國召回來?
She said she’d call back. 她說她會再打電話來?
10. call off 取消?例如:
The game was called off because of bad weather. 因天氣惡劣,比賽被取消了?
鞏固練習:
1. The Party and government ____the people to control population growth.
A. called off B. called for
C. called up D. called at
2. I meant____ you, but I was so busy.
A. to call on B. calling on
C. to call at D. calling at
3. —My sister is a typist at a foreign firm.
—I know this sort of work____ skill and speed.
A. asks for B. calls for
C. looks for D. waits for
4. —Did you____ your sister when you were in Shanghai?
—Yes, and I also____ my uncle’s during my stay there.
A. call on; called on B. dropped on; visit
C. call on; called at D. call at; called on
5. The ship____ several ports to pick up passengers before crossing the ocean.
A. calls for B. calls up
C. calls on D. calls at
6. —What about going to the International Women Forum this evening?
—That’s great. I’ll____ you at 6∶00 sharp.
A. call up B. call to
C. call on D. call for
7. The baby is badly ill, please call____ a doctor.
A. in B. for C. at D. up
8. In my opinion more work does not always____ more men.
A. call on B. call at
C. call for D. call up
9. The head of the workshop thought it necessary____ workers for a meeting.
A. calling on B. calling in
C. to call on D. to call in
10. The sound of happy laughter____ memories of his childhood.
A. called on B. called at
C. called for D. called up
11. That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but____ the police.
A. called in B. calling in
C. call in D. to call in
12. The sports meet, originally due to be held last Friday, was finally
____because of the bad weather.
A. set off B. worn off
C. broken off D. called off
13. A well-written composition____ good choice of words and clear organization.
A. calls on B. calls for
C. calls up D. calls off
14. He can’t do the job, because it calls____ skills and patience.
A. up B. for C. on D. in
答案請看第二頁
參考答案
Key: 1-5 BABCD6-10 DACDD11-14 DDBB
小學英語學習方法:小升初英語考試通關(guān)4法寶
【導語】小編為各位同學整理了小學英語學習方法相關(guān)文章,希望能對同學們有所幫助。更多小學英語材料盡在。
孩子學校的考試,將在今年年初迎來一個高峰。為了讓孩子們在這場沒有硝煙的戰(zhàn)爭中勝利,我們來看看這些考場得分的秘籍。
一、心態(tài)
孩子們,不要害怕“善變”的小升初英語考試,就當是平時的.一次小測驗,只有一小部分是較難題,簡單題答對了就一定會勝利。
二、看課本
我想說的是,教科書是重中之重。這包括兩類:一是,孩子校內(nèi)的課本;二是,校外的。
(1)校內(nèi)的課本:不要小看校內(nèi)的小學課本,它們是基礎的基礎,不可不重視,在對歷年小升初英語考題分析上看,簡單題(即基礎題)占了相當?shù)囊徊糠郑?/p>
如,There ____ a pen and some books on the table。 A.is B.are C.be 答案就是A。 因為“就近原則”。 這是課本例句,可見課本的重要性。
(2)校外的:結(jié)合題復習復習,該背誦的段落要背。
三、看歷年試題
這是很快就掌握并熟悉考試題型,把握考卷難度的好方法。
特別是,小升初各重點校的出題風格,思路,難度,考試范圍是不一樣的,這樣才能有的放矢,把握考試的備考范圍及復習方向。而且,像有關(guān)網(wǎng)站上的模擬試題也是不錯的參考資料,家長可以幫孩子搜集相關(guān)資料。關(guān)鍵是開拓思路,了解更多的解題方法,這可能在備考數(shù)學時大家更加深有感觸。
四、總結(jié)錯題
考前要看看錯題,因為較少的時間已不允許我們在做過多的新習題,那么看錯題就是好的方法,以提醒自己不要再犯同樣錯誤,這非常重要。
其實,孩子們,不必太緊張,相信平時只要學了,就一定能成功。
小升初英語語法大全:情態(tài)動詞must與have to的用法
英語整理《小升初英語語法大全:情態(tài)動詞must與have to的用法》,供大家參考學習~
must 的用法
一、表義務,“必須”。例如:
You must talk to them about their study. 你必須同他們談談關(guān)于他們學習的事。
二、在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中表不許。例如:
You mustn't leave here. 你不能離開這兒。
三、表推測,暗含有很大的可能性。例如:
He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他肯定是病了。他的臉色那么蒼白。
注意:之前我們說過 may 也可以表猜測,但是 may 暗含的可能性較小,must 暗含的可能性較大。另外否定的猜測是用can't。例如:
The baby can't be ill. He is so active. 那寶寶不大可能是病了。他那么活躍。
四、表不可避免,“必然要,必定會”。例如:
All men must die. 人總有一死。
五、表主張,“堅持要,一定要”。例如:
If you must go, at least wait till the rain stops. 如果你堅持要走,至少也要等雨停了再走。
六、關(guān)于 must 的簡短回答:
-Must I clean the dining room at once? 我必須馬上打掃膳廳嗎?
-Yes, you must. 是的。
-No, you needn't. / No, you don't have to. 不必馬上打掃。
have to 的用法
一、have to 表客觀的需要和義務,must 表主觀的認識。例如:
I missed the train, so I had to take a taxi. 我沒搭上火車,所以我只得打的。(客觀上需要打的)
I must study hard. 我必須努力學習。(主觀上認為應該努力學習)
二、在疑問句和否定句中,have to 多用助動詞 do 構(gòu)成,must 則直接提前或加not。例如:
Did he have to do it? = Must he do it? 他得做那件事嗎?
而且在否定句中,have to 表不需要,must 表不允許:
You don't have to go there. 你不需要去那兒。
You mustn't go there? 你不可去那兒。
英語語法資料2
1、動詞還原的用法
前面用了do, does did, don’t, doesn’t didn’t后面動詞要還原。
如:Did she watch TV last night?
Helen doesn’t like taking photos.
2、到了
到達用get to
但注意到家,到這兒,到那兒不可以加to
如:get home; get here; get there,
另外go home; come here; go there也一樣。
3、長著和穿著
長著什么用with
如:the girl with big eyes大眼睛的女孩;
穿著什么用in
如:the man in black穿黑衣服的男人
或:the woman in the white skirt穿白色短裙的婦女
4、讓某人做某事
用let sb后加動詞原形
如:Let’s water the flowers together.
是該做…的時候了用It’s time for+名詞或It’s time to +動原。
幫助某人做某事是help sb with sth
如:幫我學英語是help me with my English
5、樹上
外來的東西在樹上用in the tree
如:the bird in the tree;
樹上長的用on the tree
如:the apples on the tree
6、運動和樂器
球類之前不加the;
樂器之前必須加the
如:play the piano; play football
7、一周中的第一天是Sunday;一年中的第一個月是January。
8、get后加比較級表示變得更怎么樣
如:get stronger; get longer
9、比較
兩者比較用比較級,三者以上比較用級
如:Who runs faster, the boy or the girl? The boy does
誰跑得更快,男孩還是女孩?男孩。
Which season do you like best? I like autumn best.
你最喜歡哪個季節(jié)?我最喜歡秋天。
Which season do you like better, summer or winter? I like winter better.
你更喜歡哪個季節(jié),夏天還是冬天?我更喜歡冬天。
10、激動興奮的'
excited表示激動的,興奮地主語是人;
exciting表示令人激動的,令人興奮的主語是事情
如:The running race is very exciting, so all the students are very excited.
賽跑非常令人激動,因此所有的學生都很激動。
英語語法資料3
英國語言專家MichaelSwan說:語法(grammar)就是一系列的規(guī)則,說明詞可以怎樣變化以表示不同的含義,以及如何把詞組合成句子,高考英語語法復習。
語法學習無疑會高效率地幫助學生清楚地了解目標語言(targetlan-guage)的語法知識和句子結(jié)構(gòu),規(guī)范語言的實際運用,并使之富有邏輯性。作為語言運用規(guī)則的語法知識,考生應對此有較為系統(tǒng)性的了解和掌握,以便在考試中立于不敗之地。對于學習者來說(包括教師),重要的不是是否掌握所有的'語法點,而是“what is taughtand how it(grammar)is taught.(教什么語法及如何去教)”?荚噦(cè)重的也不是單一的語言知識點,強調(diào)的是考生的語言功底,以及融會貫通和理解能力。
從語法的框架體系來看,英語語法主要遵循從句和動詞兩條主線。從句包括:形容詞從句(定語從句),副詞從句(狀語從句),和名詞從句(名詞性從句);動詞內(nèi)容包括:動詞時態(tài),不定式,動名詞,分詞和虛擬語氣。此外,與句子構(gòu)造有關(guān)的規(guī)則還有主謂一致和主謂倒裝。
英語句子——作為能表達完整意思的一個最小的語言單位,是人們在交流思想時所使用的語言媒體。因此,對于語法的學習應緊緊以句子為核心,考生們即使在做語法練習的時候,也要學會從語句中找到相應的語言提示或上下文的邏輯關(guān)系。
例題一He showed us a photo of Judy, was taken in Hong Kongin 1997.
A.which B.that C.who D.what
由takeaphoto的邏輯思維,我們判斷出photo是定語從句的先行詞而不是Judy,所以正確答案是A。
例題二
Where did you meet Alice?
It was in the cinema we used to go.
A.that B.where C.which D.how
看到這道題考生的第一個反應是強調(diào)句。如果選項是A,雖然語法上說是對的,但是問和答則風牛馬不相及。其實完整的回答是It was in thecinema where we used to go that we met Alice。所以B才是正確的選項。
英語語法資料4
1.人稱代詞
主格: I we you she he it they
賓格: me us you her him it them
形容詞性物主代詞:my our your her his its their
名詞性物主代詞: mine ours yours hers his its theirs
2.形容詞和副詞的比力級
(1) 一般在形容詞或副詞后 erolder taller longer stronger, etc
(2) 多音節(jié)詞前 moremore interesting, etc.
(3) 雙寫最后一個字母,再 erbigger fatter, etc.
(4) 把y變i,再 erheavier, earlier
(5) 不規(guī)則變革:well-better, much/many-more, etc.
3.可數(shù)詞的復數(shù)形式
Most nouns s a book –books
Nouns ending in a consonant y - y ies a story—stories
Nouns ending in s, sh, ch or x es a glass—glasses a watch-watches
Nouns ending in o s or es a piano—pianos a mango—mangoes
Nouns ending in f or fe - f or fe ves a knife –knives a shelf-shelves
4.不行數(shù)名詞(單復數(shù)形式穩(wěn)定)
bread, rice, water ,juice etc.
5. 縮略形式
I’m = I am you’re = you are she’s = she is he’s = he is
it’s = it is who’s =who is can’t =can not isn’t=is not etc
6. a/an
a book, a peach
an egg an hour
7. Preposition:
on, in ,in front of, between, next to, near, beside, at, behind.
表現(xiàn)時間: at six o’clock, at Christmas, at breakfast
on Monday on 15th July On National Day
in the evening in December in winter
8. 基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞
one – first two-second twenty-twentieth
9. Some /any
I have some toys in my bedroom.
Do you have any brothers or sisters?
10. be 動詞
(1) Basic form: am/are/is
(2) 必定和否定句 I am(not) from London.
My eyes are(not) small.
My hair is(not) long.
(3)一般疑問句: Am I a Chniese? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.
Are they American? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
Is the cat fat? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.
11. there be 結(jié)構(gòu)
必定句: There is a …
There are …
一般疑問句:Is there …? Yes, there is./ No, there isn’t.
Are there…? Yes, there are. /No, there aren’t.
否定句: There isn’t …. There aren’t….
12. 祈使句
Sit down please
Don’t sit down, please.
13. 現(xiàn)在進行時.通常用“now”.
形式: be verb ing
eg: I am(not) doing my homework.
You/We/They are(not) reading.
He/She/It is(not) eating.
動詞 —ing 的形式
Most verbs ing walk—walking
Verbs ending in e -e ing come—coming
Short verbs ending in a vowel a consonant run –running swim—swimming
14 一般現(xiàn)在時。
通常用 “usually, often, every day, sometimes”。
形式:
必定句:
I go to school on foot every day.
She goes to school on foot every day.
一般疑問句:
Do you jump high? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
Does he jump high? Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.
否定句: We don’t go to school on Sundays.
My mother doesn’t like watching TV in the evening.
15. (情態(tài))動詞can,must, should 后面直接用動詞原形。
eg:
1. I / He / She / They can sing.
2.You should keep quiet in the library.
16. 一般過去時態(tài)
(a) be 動詞的過去式:
I/He/she/it was(not)…. You/we/they were….
一般疑問句was, were 放在句首。
(b) 動詞過去式:
必定句: I watched cartoons.
She visited the zoo.
一般疑問句: Did you read book last night? Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.
Did she clean the desk just now? Yes, she did. No, she didn’t.
否定句: They didn’t go the the part yesterday.
He didn’t make model ships last week.
(c)動詞過去式的變革:
規(guī)則動詞的.變革:
Most verbs ed eg. planted,watered,climbed。
Verbs ending in e d eg liked。
Verbs ending in a consonant y --y ied eg : study—studied
Short verbs ending in a vowel a consonant eg: stop --stopped
不規(guī)則動詞的變革:
is/am—was,are—were,do—did,have/has—had,make—made,fly-flew/u:/
eat—ate,take—took,run—ran,sing—sang,drink—drank 等等
17. “Wh-” questions.
What are you doing?
What colour is it?
What time is it? What’s the time?
Which is your watch, the yellow one or the white one?
Who’s the man with a big nose?
Whose bag is it?
When is your birthday?
Where is my ball pen?
Why do you like summer?
How many books are there in the school bag?
How old is the young man?
How much is the toy bear?
How do you go to school every day?
What are you doing?
What colour is it?
What time is it? What’s the time?
Which is your watch, the yellow one or the white one?
Who’s the man with a big nose?
Whose bag is it?
When is your birthday?
Where is my ball pen?
Why do you like summer?
How many books are there in the school bag?
How old is the young man?
How much is the toy bear?
How do you go to school every day?
以上就是 經(jīng)驗:英語語法復習資料,更多精彩請進入頻道。
英語語法資料5
在習慣上只用作定語的形容詞
習慣上只用作定語的形容詞
這里說的定語指的是位于名詞前作定語(即前置定語),而不是位于名詞后作定語(即不用作后置定語),如main 是定語形容詞,可以說main things,但不能說something main,因為后置定語從本質(zhì)上說相當于表語,即something main 從本質(zhì)上說相當于something that is main。下面是幾類典型的定語形容詞:
一、表示相對關(guān)系的形容詞
former 以前的,從前的 latter 后期的,后半的
inner 內(nèi)部的,里面的 outer 外部的,外面的
upper 上部的,上游的 lower 下部的,下游的
elder 年歲較大的 eldest 最年長的
indoor 室內(nèi)的,屋內(nèi)的 outdoor 室外的,屋外的
inside 里面的,內(nèi)側(cè)的 outside 外面的,外側(cè)的
upstairs 樓上的 downstairs 樓下的
【注】inside, outside, downstairs, upstairs 等既可用作形容詞也可用作副詞。用于形容詞時,只用于名詞前作定語;若用作副詞,則可用作表語(或名詞后作定語)。
二、表示強調(diào)意義的形容詞
mere 僅僅的 very 極端的
outright 完全的 thorough 十足的
plain 完全的 complete 徹底的.
pure 完全的 perfect 全然的
【注】若用于其他意義,有的可用作表語,如plain表示“明白的”、“普通的”等均可用作表語;perfect 表示“完美的”、“完備的”、“準確的”等,也可用作表語。
三、表示度量的復合形容詞
three-year-old 3歲大的 120-page 120頁的
five-year 5年的
若用作表語或后置定語,則不用連字符:
She has a five-year-old son. 她有一個5歲的兒子。
Her son is five years old. 她的兒子五歲。
She has a son five years old. 她有一個5歲的孩子。
四、某些與時間有關(guān)的形容詞
daily 每日的 everyday 每日的
monthly 每月的 present 現(xiàn)在的
last剛過去的 existing 現(xiàn)在的
【注】若用于其他意義,有的也可以用作表語,如present 表示“出席”、“在場”時,只用作表語。
動詞如何接ed
英語中在描述過去發(fā)生的事情時,動詞是要發(fā)生變形的,也就是我們所說的動詞的過去式和過去分詞。在規(guī)則變化中,一般就是在動詞后加上ed,今天我們就來看看該如何接吧~~
1. 一般在詞尾加“-ed”
help-helped-helped 幫助
look-looked-looked 看
plant-planted-planted 種植
work-worked-worked 工作
2. 以不發(fā)音e結(jié)尾的詞加“-d”
live-lived-lived 居住
hope-hoped-hoped 希望
change-changed-changed 變化
3. 名詞以“元音字母+y”結(jié)尾時,加“-ed”;以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾時,變 y為i,再加“-ed”
play-played-played 玩
stay-stayed-stayed 逗留
study-studied-studied 學習
carry-carried-carried 運送
4. 以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾,末尾只有一個輔音字母的詞,要雙寫這個輔音字母,然后再加ed。
drop-dropped-dropped 掉落
stop-stopped-stopped 停止
plan-planned-planned 計劃
prefer-preferred-preferred 更喜歡
5. 少數(shù)雙音節(jié)動詞,盡管重音不在后面,可以雙寫末尾的輔音字母,然后再加ed。
travel-traveled-traveled(美語)旅行
travel-travelled-travelled(英語)
初中必備英語語法:八種賓語從句不省略that
引導賓語從句的that在下列情況下一般不省略:
1. 賓語從句前有插入語。如:
We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us. 恰恰相反,我們希望他和我們呆在家里。
2. 有間接賓語時。如:
He told me that he was leaving for Japan. 他告訴我他要去日本。
3. that在與之并列的另一個賓語從句之后。如:
He said (that) the book was very interesting and that(不省略) all the children like to read it.他說那本書很有趣,所有小孩都喜歡讀。
4. 在“it(形式賓語)+補語”之后時。如:
I think it necessary that he should stay here. 我們認為他有必要留在這里。
5. that從句單獨回答問題時。如:
—What did he hear? 他聽說了什么事?
—That Kate had passed the exam. (他聽說)凱特考試及格了。
6. 在except等介詞后。如:
He has no special fault except that he smokes too much.他除了抽煙太多之外,沒有什么特別的毛病。
7. 位于句首時。如:
That our team will win, I believe. 我相信我們隊會贏。
8. 在較為正式或不常用的動詞(如reply, object)后。如:
He replied that he disagreed. 他回答說他不同意。
英語語法資料6
虛詞:介詞(in,at,on),連詞(and,but,or)
實詞:有具體含義的詞。名詞,形容詞(修飾名詞),動詞,副詞
五種類型的動詞,產(chǎn)生五種句型。系動詞,不及物動詞,及物動詞,不完全及物動詞,授予動詞。
一、系動詞分四大類:linking verb
1、be動詞。在be動詞之后有三大類表語:名詞,形容詞,副詞。
2、狀態(tài)保持動詞。Keep,remain,stay。這三個詞后面只能加adj做表語,可以和be動詞無縫切換。
3、狀態(tài)改變動詞。Become,get,come,go,grow,turn。
4、感官動詞。Look,sound,smell,taste,feel。翻譯為……起來。后面只能接adj做表語,相當于adj的分詞,介詞短語也是adj。
1. n. Tim is an engineer. The price is ¥2000. I am a student.
adj. The play was very interesting. The milk is in the refrigerator.
adv. Your sister is here these days. My bedroom is downstairs.
2. You should keep quiet! No one can remain youthful forever. The water stayed fine for a week.
3. become是一個萬能詞,既可以表示變成,這時候后面只能接名詞。He became a teacher.
同時也可以表示變得,后面一般接adj。He became very nervous.
get表示變得怎么樣,后面只能加adj。He got very angry.
come 變好,go變壞。
4. I felt very nervous when I went into his office. He looked very angry. They were all hungry and the food smelled good.
注:感官動詞之后絕不能直接加名詞作表語,如要加名詞,必須用感官動詞+介詞like+名詞,此時翻譯為像……。
The sun looks like an orange globe. You look like a dead man.
造句練習一:
1. 每件事都很有序(in good order)。Everything is in good order.
2. 我的房子就在這里。My house is here.
3. 這輛車看起來很棒。The car looks very good.
4. 鱷魚肉嘗起來就像雞肉。Alligator meat taste like chicken
5. 地震期間你應該保持冷靜。You should keep calm during an earthquake.
6. 邁克去年成為一名職業(yè)籃球運動員。Mike became a professional basketball player last year.
7. 天氣變得寒冷而多風(cold and windy)。The weather has turned cold and windy.
二、不及物動詞intransitive verb。主語+謂語。vi. 判斷這類動詞,把這個動詞前面加上被字看看是否正常。正常vt,不正常vi。
I dance. 這類句型,一般來說都有帶狀語,來進一步說明這個動作發(fā)生的時間、地點、目的……。
Detectives(主) were waiting(謂) at the airport(地點狀語) all morning.(時間狀語)
They were talking(謂) loudly(方式狀語)
很多動詞,本身就既可以作不及物動詞,也可以做及物動詞,除上述判斷方法外,得在具體語境中判斷。
造句練習二:
1、 鳥兒快樂的唱歌。The birds sing happily.
2、 這場雨下午會停。The rain will stop this afternoon.
3、 孩子們正在公園里玩耍。The children are playing in the park.
4、 我的老師昨天在醫(yī)院里去世了(pass away)。My teacher passed away in hospital yesterday.
三、及物動詞transitive verb。主+謂+賓。vt. 有些短語相當于vt,稱為vt短語。
Yesterday(時間狀語), a pigeon(主) carried(謂) the first message(賓) from Beijing to Shanghai(地點狀語).
The bird covered the distance in three minutes. The bride and the groom cut the wedding cake together. I had an amusing experience last year. This wonderful plane can carry serve passenger.
造句練習三:
1、 老師在教室的墻上貼了一些照片。The teacher put up some pictures on the wall in the classroom.
2、 在公共場合你應該尊重老人。You should respect the old in public place.
3、 他一周前開始節(jié)食。He began his diet a week ago.
4、 他于1935年9月創(chuàng)造了一項新的世界記錄。He set up a new world record in September 1935.
5、 只有極少數(shù)人能實現(xiàn)他們的夢想。Only very few people can realized their dreams.
四、不完全及物動詞。主+謂+賓+賓補。Incomplete transitive verb. ivt.使……,讓……。
最常用的不完全及物動詞,使役動詞,使……做……。make,have,let,get
make/have/let+賓語+動詞原形(補語)get+賓語+動詞不定式(補語)
I made him wash the car. I got him to wash the car.賓語+補語能構(gòu)成一個完整的句子。
造句練習四:
1、 炎熱的天氣使我感到昏昏欲睡(feel lethargic)。The hot weather made me feel lethargic.
五、授予動詞。主+謂+間賓+直賓。Dative verb
最常用的授予動詞:give,send,tell,teach,pay,show,offer。
Richard mattes gave the tester six different kinds of things.
I sent him a book in reward for his help.
The scientist told us many stories about birds.
A friendly waiter taught me a few words of Italian, then he lent me a book.
Yesterday I paid him a visit. Then he showed me the contents of the parcel.
造句練習五:
1、 情人節(jié)他送給女友一束花。He gave his girlfriend a bunch of flowers on Valentine’s Day.
He gave a bunch of flowers to his girlfriend on valentine’s Day.
2、 請寄給我一張收到此款的收據(jù)。Please sent me a receipt for the money.
3、 他告訴我?guī)讉關(guān)于英語老師的神奇故事。He told me some magical stories about our English teacher.
句子成分:主、謂、賓、表、補、定、狀、同位語。
定語就是一個句子里用來界定、限定名詞的部分。
如:1、一個高個子的,留著長頭發(fā)的,穿著紅色衣服的,喜歡學習英語的學生。He is a tall student with long hair who wears red clothes and likes learning English.
2、 (那個)(穿著紅色連衣裙的)美女是(我們班的)班長。The beautiful woman in red dress is the monitor of our class.
3、 (這些)(可愛的.)孩子們(一直)生活(在美麗的大山里)。These lovely children have been living in the beautiful mountains.
4、 (放學以后),(這幾個)(高中)學生(到游戲廳里面)打游戲。After school, the high school students went to the arcade to play games.
5、 (我們每個人的)努力讓(我們偉大的)祖國(迅速)發(fā)展。The efforts of every one of us make our great motherland develop rapidly.
6、 我(每天晚上)(睡覺前)(都要)講給孩子(一些)(有意義的)童話。 Every night before I go to bed, I have to tell my children some meaningful fairy tales.
I have to tell my children some meaningful fairy tales before I go to bed every night。
丘吉爾的學習方法:
1、 了解句子成分的具體含義,識別出句子的不同成分。
2、 學習時態(tài),語態(tài)等基礎知識。
3、 學習從句的構(gòu)句方法,把一個長句子變成一個句子成分,把不同句子成分組合。
4、 用彩色的筆標注不同的句子成分,從句子相關(guān)成分中,積累相關(guān)用法。
5、 把復雜句拆成若干個簡單句,設定好主語賓語,采用學習的規(guī)則,拼成長句子。
英語中95%的定于遵循前小后大的法則。
單個單詞組成的定語(限定詞,形容詞,分詞及所有格)放在所修飾的名詞前面。
兩個以上的單詞組成的定語(of所有格,形容詞短語,介詞短語,分詞短語,不定式短語)放在所修飾的詞后面。
They were expecting a valuable parcel of diamonds from south Africa.
Mrs. Rumbold was a large unsmiling lady in a tight black dress.
First of all, he went out a long list of all the foods.
造句練習六:
1、 我喜歡桌上那本書。I like the book on the desk.
2、 他們正在研究一個關(guān)于貿(mào)易標準的復雜問題(trading standard)。They are studying a complicated problem about trading standard.
3、 我將告訴你們昨天老師給我講的那個非常有趣的關(guān)于月亮的中國古代故事。I will tell you the very interesting old Chinese story about the moon that my teacher told me yesterday.
狀語:用來描述一個動作的細節(jié)特征的成分,漢語里邊常見的對應成分就是“……地”。
表達時間,地點,方式的狀語,也可以不帶“地”字翻譯。如:在教室里唱歌,用古典的方式唱歌。
副詞adverb,狀語adverbial,都是用來加強動詞的。除了修飾動詞外,狀語也可以修飾除了名詞之外的任何詞(如:adj,介詞,連詞,還可以修飾副詞本身)。
副詞在句子中處于一個副手位置,就是輔助地位。When,where,how表時間,地點,方式程度。
表達時間的:now,just now。表達地點的介詞短語,如:in the house。
小狀語(單獨的副詞)放在其所修飾的詞語之前:修飾動詞時沒放在動詞之前。修飾其它成分(形容詞,介詞,連詞,副詞)時,放在其他成分之前。
We are now living in a beautiful new house in the country.
Letters will cost a little more, but they will certainly travel faster.
大狀語(2個及以上單詞構(gòu)成的狀語),如:介詞短語,不定式短語,狀語從句,放在整個句子的兩頭,放在開頭時一般加(,)。
On Wednesday evening, we went to the town hall.
I was having dinner at a restaurant when Tony came in.
當句子中同時出現(xiàn)幾個時間或地點狀語時,從小到大排列。We landed in America at 8 o’clock on June 15th 2012.
We live at number 35, south Renmin road, Chengdu.
句子后面有多種狀語時,順序是(方式-地點-時間)。He put his milk bottles carefully on the doorstep every morning.
同位語:句中指代同一事物的兩個詞、短語或從句,稱為同位關(guān)系。My sister, Helen Wilson, will travel with me.
造句練習七:
1我的英語老師Brent Peter先生是加拿大人。My English teacher, Mr. Brent Peter, is a Canadian.
2、昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友湯姆。Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother’s.
3、我們中國人民是勤勞勇敢的。We Chinese people are brave and hardworking.
英語語法資料7
比較級
注意只有同類事物才可進行比較。
如:My eyes are bigger than hers.Your school bag is heavier than mine. My computer is nicer than Nancy’s. My brother is stronger than me.
have, has
表示某人有(has用于第三人稱單數(shù));There is/ are;
There was/ were表示某地存在有
注意There be句型的就近原則
單數(shù)或不可數(shù)用there is /was;
復數(shù)用there are/ were.
本身就是復數(shù)的詞
眼鏡glasses;耳機earphones;鞋shoes;褲子trousers等詞本身是復數(shù)。
如:My glasses were on the chair just now.
但如果表示這雙,這副,一雙的'時候用單數(shù)
如:There is a pair of chopsticks on the plate. This pair of earphones is for you.
五個元音字母分別是Aa, Ee, Ii, Oo, Uu;
一個的用法
a用于輔音前不是輔音字母前;an用于元音前不是元音字母前。
如:There is an ’s’, a ‘t’, a ‘u’, a ‘d’ ,an ‘e’, an ‘n’,and a ‘t’ in the word ‘student’.
時間表示法
有兩種:
(1)直接讀時鐘和分鐘。
如6:10讀成six ten; 7:30讀成seven thirty; 8:45讀成eight forty-five;
(2)用to與past表示。
在半小時包括半小時以內(nèi)用幾分past幾點
如:6:10讀成ten past six; 7:30讀成half past seven;
過了半小時用下一個鐘點差幾分
如7:45讀成a quarter to eight; 9:50讀成ten to ten;
基數(shù)詞變序數(shù)詞的方法
基變序有規(guī)律,結(jié)尾加上th;一二三特殊例,結(jié)尾字母t、d(即first, second, third);
八去t,九去e,ve要用f替(即eigh—eighth; nine—ninth; five-- fifth ;twelve—twelfth);
ty改y為ie后加th別忘記(即整十數(shù)如twenty—twentieth;forty—fortieth);
幾十幾十位為基個位為序(如第二十一為twenty-first)。
另外強調(diào)序數(shù)詞前一定要加the。
日期的表示法
用the+序數(shù)詞+ of +月
如:三月三日the third of March;
12月25日the 25th of December.
both表示兩者都
如:My parents are both teachers.
all表示三者以上都
如:The students are all very excited.
節(jié)日的表示法
有day的節(jié)日前用on.
沒有day的節(jié)日前用at,
如:at Christmas; on Christmas Day; at New Year; on New Year’s Day.
英語語法資料8
情態(tài)動詞表示說話人對某一動作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度,表示“可能”、“應當”、“必要”等含義,但其本身詞義不完全,不能獨立作謂語,必須和動詞原形連用。情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。其否定形式一般是在情態(tài)動詞后加not (have to除外),其疑問形式是將情態(tài)動詞提至主語前。情態(tài)動詞數(shù)量不多,但用途廣泛,主要有:can/could, may/might, must, need, shall/should, will/would。
1.can和could的用法
(1)can/could 表示“能力;許可;可能性”等。could 為 can 的過去式。如:
Can I use your bike?我可以用你的自行車嗎?
(2)can 用在疑問句中,表示征求意見、請求許可,答語仍用 can; could 用在疑問句中,比can 更委婉、客氣,是一種禮貌的說法,并不表示過去時態(tài),答語用can,而不能用could。 如:
―Could you tell me the way to the zoo?
你能告訴我去動物園的路嗎?
―Sorry. I can't. I'm new here。
不好意思,我不知道。我是新來的。
[注意] can 和could 只能用于現(xiàn)在時和過去時兩種時態(tài),將來時中用 be able to。另外, can't 可表示否定推測。如:
That ______ be Mr Wang. He has gone to Beijing。
那肯定不是王老師,他已經(jīng)去北京了。
2.may和might的用法
may/might 意為“可以”,表示同意、許可或請求對方許可,也可表示祝愿。may的'否定形式為 may not。might 是may 的過去式,有兩種用法:一種表示過去式;一種表示虛擬語氣,使語氣更加委婉、客氣,或表示可能性更小。以may開頭的一般疑問句,其否定回答用mustn't, 而不用 may not。如:______ I use your pen? 我可以用你用的鋼筆嗎?
You may put on more clothes. 你可以多穿衣服。
May you be happy!祝你開心!
Might I borrow some money now?我現(xiàn)在可以借點錢嗎?
He might be alive. 他可能還活著。
3.must的用法
must 意為“必須,一定,準是”,表示說話人認為有必要做某事,或命令、要求別人做某事以及對事物的推測。否定形式mustn't, 表示“不得”,“一定不要”。如:
I ______ finish my work today。我今天必須完成我的工作。
You mustn't drive after drinking。你絕不能酒后駕車。
(1)must 與 have to 的區(qū)別: must 表示說話人的主觀意愿;have to 表示客觀需要。如:
I must do my homework first。我必須首先做家庭作業(yè)。
It is raining hard outside; I _____ stay at home。外面雨下得很大,我不得不待在家里。
(2)回答由must 引導的疑問句的提問
、倏隙ɑ卮穑篩es, …must. 如:
―Must I go home now? 我必須現(xiàn)在吧回家嗎?
―Yes, you must. 是的,你必須(現(xiàn)在回家)。
英語語法資料9
我們都知道,根據(jù)句子的使用目的,句子可分為陳述句,疑問句,祈使句,感嘆句。疑問句是?嫉闹攸c,也是要掌握的難點,這里我們先重點講一下.
疑問句中我們只講一講難掌握的反意疑問句和特殊疑問句.
反意疑問句: 在陳述句之后附上一個簡短問句,對陳述句所敘述的事實提出相反的疑問,這種疑問句叫做反意疑問句. 如前面陳述句部分是肯定式,后面問句部分一般用是否定式;如前一部分是否定式,后一部分一般用肯定式.前后兩部分在人稱,數(shù)及時態(tài)上通常保持一致. 如:You are a student,arent you?(你是學生,對嗎?)
在祈使句后面用反意疑問句,要注意人稱的變化。 如:Go to the cinema,will you?
在省略的.感嘆句后面,要注意主語的單復數(shù)。 如:What fine weather,isnt it?
陳述句部分的主語如是I,疑問部分要用 arent I. 如: Im as tall as your sister,arent I?
陳述部分用never,hardly,few,nothing,nobody,few,seldom,hardly,little 等否定含義的詞時,疑問部分用肯定含義. 如: He seldom came here,did he?
陳述句部分的謂語是used to時,疑問部分用didnt+主語或usednt +主語. 如: He used to go to school at seven, didnt he? / usednt he?
陳述部分有had better + v. 疑問句部分用hadnt you? 如: Youd better read it by yourself, hadnt you?
英語語法資料10
條件狀語從句就是在復合句中表示主句動作發(fā)生條件的狀語從句。引導條件狀語從句最經(jīng)常用的連詞是if,它的意思是“如果”;除此之外,還有其他一些連詞,它們也多少含有“如果”的意思,也可用于引導條件狀語從句。
1. 用if引導:if意為“如果”。如:
You can’t take photographs if the light is bad. 光線不足,就無法拍照。
If you cheat in the exam you’ll never get away with it. 考試作弊必予追究。
2. 用unless引導:unless的意思是“如果不”“除非”。如:
Don’t act unless you’re certain. 沒有把握就不要做。
Unless you go at once you will be late. 如果你不馬上走,就會遲到的'。
3. 用as [so] long as引導:as [so] long as的意思是“如果”“只要”。如:
I’ll remember that day as long as I live. 只要我活著,我就不會忘記那個日子。
You may take my dictionary as long as you don’t keep it too long. 只要使用時間不太長,你可以把我的詞典拿去。
4. 用in case引導:in case用連詞引導條件狀語從句時,其意為“如果”“萬一”。如:
In case I’m late, start without me. 萬一我遲到,就不等我了。
In case I forget, please remind me about it. 萬一我忘記,請?zhí)嵝盐乙幌隆?/p>
5. 條件狀語從句的時態(tài):當主句為將來時態(tài)或含有將來意義時,條件狀語從句習慣上要用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來意義,而不能直接使用將來時態(tài)。如:
■不知道明天是否會下雨,但要是下雨的話,我就呆在家里。
誤:I don’t know if it will rain tomorrow. But if it will rain tomorrow, I’ll stay at home.
正:I don’t know if it will rain tomorrow. But if it rains tomorrow, I’ll stay at home.
句中的第一個 if 引導的是賓語從句(if=是否),從句謂語用將來時態(tài)表示將來意義;第二個if引導的是條件狀語從句(if=如果),從句謂語要用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來意義。
英語語法資料11
賓語從句(The Object Clause)在復合句中作主句的賓語。賓語從句通常由下面一些詞引導。
1、由that引導(that在口語或非正式文體中常省略)。
2、由what , when , where, which, who, how ,why等連接代詞或連接副詞引導。
3、由連詞whether或if引導(口語中常用if)。
應注意的幾個問題:
1、賓語從句可放在形容詞后。常用形式是“be+形容詞+賓語從句”
e.g. I am glad you like it .
2、賓語從句與主句時態(tài)的一致。
1)主句是現(xiàn)在(或?qū)?時態(tài)時,賓語從句可根據(jù)實際需要用不同的時態(tài)。
如:He says Mary is playing with the cat .
He says Mary often plays with the cat.
He says Mary will play with the cat.
I think he left yesterday morning.
2) 主句時態(tài)是一般過去時,從句要用過去時態(tài)的某種形式。
He said Mary was playing with the cat.588.es
He said he hoped to be back soon..
3)當從句所表示的是客觀事實或客觀真理時,該從句都用一般現(xiàn)在時,不用過去時。
如:He said light travels much faster than sound.
3、賓語從句中的否定轉(zhuǎn)移。如果主句謂語動詞是think , believe suppose 等,而從句的意思是否定的,這時主句的謂語動詞用否定式,從句用肯定式。如:
I don’t think you are right. 我認為你不對。
4、將普通的特殊疑問句變成賓語從句時,從句的語序要由疑問句變成陳述句的語序。
When will the meeting begin?-------I want to know when the meeting will begin.
5、將普通的一般疑問句變成賓語從句時,則用if /whether連接,同時變成陳述句語序。
Are you an English teacher ?-------He asked if I was an English teacher.
在下列情況下只能用whether
1)介詞后的'賓語從句 I’m thinking about whether we should go fishing.
2)賓語從句提前時 Whether this is true or not, I can’t say.
3)直接與or not連用時 I don’t know whether or not he was ready.
4)在帶to 的動詞不定式前 She hasn’t decided whether to go or not.
if也可引導條件狀語從句,表示“如果”(主將從現(xiàn),主過從過)。比較:
I don’t know if he will come. If he comes ,I will tell you.
6、在變賓語從句時,要注意以下幾點。1)連接詞 2)人稱 3)語序 4)時態(tài) 5)標點
【中考范例】
1. (北京市中考試題)
Miss Green didn’t tell us _______ in 2002.
A. where does she live B. Where she lives
C. where did she live D. where she lived
【解析】答案:D。該題考查的是賓語從句的語序和時態(tài)。賓語從句應用陳述句的語序和時態(tài),所以應選D。
2. (上海市徐匯區(qū)中考試題)
Would you please tell me ________?
A. when did he come home
B. where he would play football
C. if he had seen the film
D. why he didn’t watch the game
【解析】答案:D。該題考查的是賓語從句的語序和時態(tài)。主句用的實際上是現(xiàn)在時,賓語從句在這個句子里應用陳述句的語序和一般過去時。
3. (哈爾濱市中考試題)
I don’t know when __________.
A. will the train leave B. the train will leave
C. would the train leave D. the train leave
【解析】答案:B。該題考查的是賓語從句的語序和時態(tài)。只有B在語序和時態(tài)上符合要求。
4. (常州市中考試題)
---We don’t know _____________.
---It is said that he was born in Sweden.
A. what he is B. if he lives here
C. where he comes from D. which country is he from
【解析】答案: C。該題考查的是賓語從句的語序。按照他們談論的話題可知:他們說的是某人是哪里人。A和B可以排除掉。D的語序不對,只有C正確。
英語語法資料12
感嘆句的類型:
、 What a∕an+adj+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)(+主語+謂語)!
What +adj+可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)∕不可數(shù)名詞(+主語+謂語)!
What a fine day (it is) !多么好的天啊! (day為可數(shù)名詞單數(shù))
What an interesting book it is !多么有趣的一本書啊!(book為可數(shù)名詞單數(shù))
What beautiful flowers they are !多么漂亮的.花啊! (flowers為可數(shù)名詞復數(shù))
What bad weather it is!多么糟糕的天氣啊!(weather為不可數(shù)名詞)
、 How +adj +主語+(謂語中的)系動詞! How +adv +主語+(謂語中的)實義動詞!
How happy I am!我多麼高興啊! (happy為adj,am為系動詞)
How hard they are working !他們工作多么努力啊!(hard為adv,work為實義動詞)
點撥:陳述句改為感嘆句,可以采用“一判、二定、三移”。
一判:是判斷出陳述句謂語動詞后的中心詞的詞性(adj∕adv∕n);
二定:是根據(jù)判斷出來的結(jié)果來確定引導詞(中心詞為名詞用What;中心詞為形容詞或副詞用How;)
三移:就是把主語和謂語移到后面。
注意:在感嘆句中,不得出現(xiàn)so,very,very much等表示程度的單詞。
例如:①Our school is beautiful .
一判:beautiful為形容詞;二定:beautiful為形容詞,用How來引導;三移:把Our school is移到How beautiful后面,即為感嘆句How beautiful our school is!
、贖e is a clever boy.
一判:boy為名詞;二定:boy為名詞,用What來引導;三移:把He is移到What a clever boy后面,即為感嘆句What a clever boy he is!
、跦e studies English well.
一判:well為副詞;二定:well為副詞,用How來引導;三移:把He studies移到How well后面,即為感嘆句How well he studies!
練習:將下列句子變?yōu)楦袊@句。①The room is very bright.
、 We live a happy life today. ③It is a nice present.
、躎his is difficult problem. ⑤She played the piano wonderfully.
1.the (best) way to do sth:做某事的()方法
2.thanks for+名詞V?ing:為什么而感謝
3.take a trip參加郊游,at the end of this month在本月底
4.go back to+地點:回到某地He will go back to Beijing in 2 days.兩天后他將回北京。
5.have a surprise party for sb為某人舉辦一個驚喜的晚會
6.without+名詞代詞 V?ing:沒有… He can't finish the work without our help.(help為名詞)
He went to school without having breakfast.他沒有吃早飯就去上學。(have為動詞)
7.look forward to +名詞代詞V.ing:期待,盼望
8.hear from sb.收到某人的來信= receive a letter from sb.
9.the opening of…:開幕/開業(yè)
10.在具體哪一天的上午、下午、晚上用on,比較:
in the morning在早晨on Sunday morning在星期天的早晨
11.invite sb to +地點:邀請某人去某地(invite -- invitation ) invite sb to do sth邀請某人做某事
12.reply to sth / sb:回答某事/回答某人go shopping購物,do homework做家庭作業(yè)
英語語法資料13
語音
1、音素:語音的最小單位。
英語中共有48個音素,其中元音音素20個,輔音音素28個。
2、元音:發(fā)音時氣流不受阻礙。元音分為單元音和雙元音兩類。
單元音發(fā)音時唇形和舌位不變;雙元音發(fā)音時由一個元音向另一個
元音滑動,唇形和舌位有一個變化過程,且前重后輕,前長后短。
3、輔音:發(fā)音時氣流受到阻礙。輔音分為清輔音和濁輔音兩類。
清輔音發(fā)音時聲帶不振動;濁輔音發(fā)音時聲帶振動。
4、音標:用來記錄音素的符號。為了避免與字母混淆,音標被放在斜括號/ /內(nèi)。
5、英語中的一個字母或字母組合在不同的.單詞中發(fā)音可能是不一樣的,而相同的發(fā)音對應的字母或字母組合也可能不完全相同。
6、開音節(jié):以元音字母結(jié)尾或以一個元音字母加一個輔音字母再加不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾(r除外)的音節(jié)。元音字母在開音節(jié)中讀長音,即該字母的名稱音。
閉音節(jié):以一個或幾個輔音字母(r除外)結(jié)尾。元音字母在閉音節(jié)中讀短音。
英語語法資料14
名詞復數(shù)規(guī)則
1.一般情況下,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds
2.以s. x. sh. ch結(jié)尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches
3.以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾,變y為i,再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries
4.以“f或fe”結(jié)尾,變f或fe為v,再加-es,如:knife-knives
5.不規(guī)則名詞復數(shù):man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice child-children foot-feet,.tooth-teeth fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese
動詞過去式變化規(guī)則:
1.一般在動詞末尾加-ed,如:pull-pulled, cook-cooked
2.結(jié)尾是e加d,如:taste-tasted
3.末尾只有一個元音字母和一個輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié),應雙寫末尾的輔音字母,再加-ed,如:stop-stopped
4.以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的,變y為i,再加-ed,如:study-studied
5.不規(guī)則動詞過去式:
am,is-was, are-were, do-did, see-saw, say-said, give-gave, get-got, go-went,
come-came, have-had, eat-ate, take-took, run-ran, sing-sang, put-put,
read-read, write-wrote, draw-drew, drink-drank, swim-swam, sit-sat
現(xiàn)在進行時
1.現(xiàn)在進行時表示現(xiàn)在正在進行或發(fā)生的動作,也可表示當前一段時間內(nèi)的活動或現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作。
2.現(xiàn)在進行時的.肯定句基本結(jié)構(gòu)為be+動詞ing.
3.現(xiàn)在進行時的否定句在be后加not。
4.現(xiàn)在進行時的一般疑問句把be動詞調(diào)到句首。
動詞加ing的變化規(guī)則
1.一般情況下,直接加ing,如:cook-cooking
2.以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾,去e加ing,如:make-making, taste-tasting
3.如果末尾是一個元音字母和一個輔音字母,雙寫末尾的輔音字母,再加ing,如:run-running, stop-stopping
英語語法資料15
第一部分:語氣的定義和種類
1、語氣(mood):語氣是動詞的一種形式,表示說話人對某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。
2、語氣的種類
、、陳述語氣:表示動作或狀態(tài)是現(xiàn)實的、確定的或符合事實的,用于陳述句、疑問句和某些感嘆句。如:
、賂here are two sides to every question.每個問題都有兩個方面。
、赪ere you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙嗎?
、跦ow good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老師!
⑵、祈使語氣:表示說話人對對方的請求或命令。如:
、貼ever be late again!再也不要遲到了。
、贒on‘t forget to turn off the light.別忘了關(guān)燈。
⑶、虛擬語氣:表示動作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實,而是說話人的主觀愿望、假設或推測等。如:
、買f I were a bird,I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鳥,我就能在空中飛行。
、贗 wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通過考試。
、跰ay you succeed!祝您成功!
第二部分:簡單句中的虛擬語氣
一、情態(tài)動詞的過去式用于現(xiàn)在時態(tài)時,表示說話人的謙虛、客氣、有禮貌、或委婉的語氣,常用于日常會話中。如:
、拧ould you be kind enough to show methe way to the post office?請你告訴我去郵局的路好嗎?
、、It would be better for you not tostay up too late.你最好別熬夜到很晚。
二、表祝愿。
1、常用“may+動詞原形”表示祝愿,但愿,此時may須置于句首(多用于正式文體中)。
⑴、May good luck be yours!祝你好運!
、、May you be happy!祝你快樂!
、恰ay you do even better!祝你取得更大成就!
、、Mayyou have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。
、、May the friendship between us lastlong. 祝愿我們的友情天長地久。
、、May you be happy. (注意那個be)祝你幸福。
2、用動詞原形。例如:
。1)、Long live the people!人民萬歲。2)、“Godbless you,”said the priest.牧師說:“愿上帝保佑你!”
。3)、Have a good journey!祝愿你旅途愉快!
三、表示強烈愿望。(該類型虛擬語氣謂語僅用動詞原形,第三人稱單數(shù)也不加“s”)
(1)、God save me. (2)、Heavenhelp us.
四、表命令
1.命令虛擬語氣只能用在第二人稱(you),而且通常省略主語(也就是you)。
2.句子尾通常加上感嘆號:!
3.虛擬語氣動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)(Simple Present),如:work,be , go
4.否定形式的命令語氣,可用助動詞do,加上not.
。1)、Work !
。2)、Workharder !
(3)、Be more alert !(虛擬語氣動詞Be)
。4)、Yougo out !
。5)、Do not work so hard. (donot 表示否定的虛擬語氣)
(6)、Don't be afraid. (口語中常用don't代替do not)
五、在一些習慣表達中
如:(1)、You‘dbetter set off now.你最好現(xiàn)在就出發(fā)。
。2)、I‘drather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告訴你這個秘密。
第三部分:名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣
第一節(jié):賓語從句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虛擬語氣
一、在動詞wish后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
在動詞wish后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣,常省去賓語從句的引導詞that.
一)、對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬(與現(xiàn)在的事實相反):
從句用過去式或過去進行式(時間上是同時的)。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為:賓語從句的謂語be和were(was),實義動詞用過去式。例:
1. I wish (that可省略,下同)Iknew the answer to the question.(wish,動詞過去式knew)我希望知道這個答案。(事實上是不知道)
2. I wish it were springin my hometown all the year around.(wish,were)但愿我的家鄉(xiāng)四季如春。(事實上不可能)
3. I wish I were a bird.(wish,were)但愿我是只小鳥。(事實上不可能)
4. When she was at theparty,she wished she were at home.(wished,過去虛擬動詞were)(事實上并不在家)
5. Now that he is inChina,he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,過去虛擬動詞understood)現(xiàn)在他在中國,他希望能懂得中文。(事實上并不懂)
6. When we begin thetrip,they will wish they were with us.(willwish,過去虛擬動詞were)(事實上并不和我們在一起)
二)、對過去情況的虛擬(和過去的事實相反):
用wish表示對過去事情的遺憾。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為:賓語從句的謂語用過去完成時,或would,could,might+現(xiàn)在完成時。例:
1. I wish (that可省略,下同)Ihadn't wasted so much time. 我后悔不該浪費這么多時間。(事實上已浪費了)
2. He wishes he hadn'tlost the chance. 他真希望沒有失去機會。(其實已失去)
3. We wished he hadspoken to us. (wished,had + spoken)(事實上他并沒同我們講)
4. I wish you had calledearlier. (wish, had + called)(事實上已遲了)
5. They will wish theyhad listened to us sooner. (will wish,had+ listened)(事實上并不如此)
例題分析:I wish I ______ longerthis morning,but I had to get up and come to class.
A. could have slept B.sleptC. might have slept D. have slept
動詞wish后面接從句,表達不可能實現(xiàn)或與事實相反的情況時,謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣,即用過去式(表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的'動作)或過去完成式(表示過去發(fā)生的動作)。本題后半句謂語動詞have用的是過去時had to get up and come,所以前面要用過去完成時表示過去發(fā)生的動作。所以,選項A)could have slept是答案
三)、對將來情況的虛擬(表示將來的主觀愿望):
從句動詞"would/should/could/might+ 動詞原形"(時間上較后)(請注意:主句和從句的主語不相同)。用wish表示對將來事情的愿望。例:
1. I wish it would stopraining.(虛擬動詞would+動詞原形stop)我希望雨能停止。(事實上雨還在下著呢)
2. I wish you would bequiet.(would + be)我希望你安靜一些。(事實上那家伙還在吵著呢)
3. You wished she wouldarrive the next day.(would + arrive)你希望她第二天會到。(事實上她還沒到)
4. I wish she wouldchange her mind.(would + change)我希望她會改變主意。(呵呵,女孩子可沒那么容易就改變主意喔)
5. He will wish we wouldjoin him the following week.(would + join)(只是希望我們和他在一起,實際上還沒在一起)
四)、注意:
1.如果將wish改為過去式wished,其后that從句中的動詞形式不變。例如:
I wished I hadn't spentso much money. 我要是那時沒有花掉那么多錢就好了。
2. 如果that從句中用would ,一般表示對現(xiàn)狀不滿或希望未來有所改變或請求
I wish he would answermy letter. I wish prices would comedown. I wish you would help me.
I wish you would stopasking silly questions.
二、在表示建議、命令、要求、忠告等動詞的后面的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
由于這些動詞本身隱含說話者的主觀意見,認為某事應該或不應該怎樣,這些詞語后面的“that”從句應用虛擬語氣,且均以“should+動詞原形”表示這種語氣,但事實上“should”常被省略,故此從句中謂語動詞用原形,常用的此類動詞有:表示“要求”的:ask, desire, request,demand, require, beg表示“提議、勸告、建議”的:move,prpose, suggest, recommend,advise, vote表示“決定、命令”的:decide,order表示“主張”的:maintain,urge表示“同意、堅持”的:consent,insist
例如:
1.The doctor suggestedthat he (should)try to lose his weight.
2.He insisted that we (should)tell him the news.
3.When I suggested thathe try shaving cream, he said,“Therazor and water do the job. ”(當我建議他用刮胡膏時,他說“剃刀和水就行了”。)
4.He pursued varioustheories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how itdid work.(他費了幾天功夫?qū)ふ依碚摳鶕?jù),直到我建議拆開看看它是如何轉(zhuǎn)動的。)
5.One can suggest thatstudents should spend two or three years in an English speaking country. (我們建議學生應在說英語的國家呆上兩三年。)
在表示命令、建議、要求等一類動詞后面的從句中虛擬語氣很普遍,其結(jié)構(gòu)如:
order,suggest, propose, require,demand, request, insist,command, insist +…… (should)do
6.I suggest that we (should)holda meeting next week.
7.He insisted that he (should)be sent there.
但注意:在insist 后的從句中,如果是堅持自己,用陳述語氣,堅持別人做什么事情,用虛擬語氣。
8.she insists that sheis right.
9.she insisted that Ishould finish the work at once.
或者說,suggest,insist不表示建議或堅持要某人做某事時,即它們用于其本意暗示、表明、堅持認為時,賓語從句用陳述語氣。
10.The guard at gateinsisted that everybody obey the rules.
判斷改錯:
。ㄥe)11.You pale facesuggests that you (should)beill.
。▽Γ12.Your pale facesuggests that you are ill.
。ㄥe)13.I insisted that you (should)be wrong.
(對)14.I insisted that youwere wrong.
例題分析:15.It is politelyrequested by the hotel management that radios ______ after 11 o'clock at night.
A. were not played B.not be playedC. not to play D. did not play
全句意思是:“旅館管理部門懇請客人晚上11點后不要打開收音機”。句中的謂語動詞request(請求)所引出的從句應當用虛擬語氣,即動詞原形或“should+動詞原形”。本句的主語從句中,主語radio是謂語動詞play的客體,謂語應當用被動語態(tài)。所以,答案是C)not be played.在上述這類句子中不能用動詞過去時形式表示虛擬語氣,所以A)不正確。選項B)not to play是動詞帶to的不定式,不能在句中作謂語。選項D)did not play也是動詞play的過去時形式,同樣不能在本句中作為虛擬語氣來使用。而且,它是主動語態(tài)形式,而本題要用被動語態(tài)。
練習:
16)、Thechairman requested that .
。跘]the members studied more carefullythe problem[B]the problem was more carefulnessly studied
。跜]with more carefulness the problemcould be studied[D]the members study the problem more carefully
17)、Thecommittee recommends that the matter at the next meeting .
[A]would be discussed[B]willbe discussed[C]be discussed[D]may be discussed
18)、Thedoctor insisted that his patient .
。跘]that he not work too hard for threemonths[B]take it easy for three months
C]takingit easy inside of three months[D]to take some vacations for threemonths
三、在expect,believe,think,suspect等動詞的否定或疑問形式后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
在expect,believe,think,suspect等動詞的否定或疑問形式后的賓語從句中,我們經(jīng)常用“should+動詞原形(或完成形式)”,表示驚奇,懷疑,不滿等。
I never thought that heshould be such a brave young soldier. 我們從來沒想到他是個如此勇敢的小戰(zhàn)士。
練習:
1)thatthe time will soon be ripe for intervention in Iran,theywould be faced by a large army?
。跘]It is believed[B]Shouldthey believe[C]They would believe[D]If they would believe
2)Ithink it advisable that he for Tokyo soon.
。跘]will leave[B]mayleave[C]leave[D]leaves
四、would rather ,would sooner,had rather,would (just)as soon ,would prefer之后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
would rather ,would sooner, had rather, would (just)as soon,would prefer(希望)也用來表達主觀愿望,它們之后的賓語從句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用過去式表示現(xiàn)在或?qū),用過去完成式表示與過去事實相反。表示“寧愿做什么”或"對過去做的事的懊悔".
。1)、I would rather he cametomorrow than today.
(2)、John would rather thatshe had not gone to the party yesterday evening.
。3)、Don' t live in the world,Iwould rather( I would just as soon) you die.
。4)、I would rather you gotomorrow.
(5)、I would rathereverything hadn' t happened in the past.
。6)、The manager would ratherhis daughter did not work in the same office.經(jīng)理寧愿她女兒不與他在同一間辦公室工作。
。7)、To be frank,I'drather you were not involved in the case.坦率地說,我希望你不要卷入這件事。
。8)、You don't have to be insuch a hurry.I would rather you went on business first.你沒有必要這么著急,我寧愿你先去上班。
(9)、I'd rather you didn'tmake any comment on the issue for the time being.我倒希望你暫時先不要就此事發(fā)表意見。
。10)、Franklyspeaking ,I'd rather you didn't do anything about it for the time being.坦白地說,我寧愿你現(xiàn)在對此事什么也不要做。
。11)、Wouldn'tyou rather your child went to bed early?為什么你不愿讓你的孩子早點上床呢?
注:
、偃裟橙嗽缸约鹤瞿呈,would rather后用動詞原形Iwould rather stay at home today.
②would rather.……than.……中用動詞原形Iwould rather stay at home than go out today.
五、“had hoped”后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
用“had hoped”表示原來希望做到而實際上未能實現(xiàn)的事情,其賓語從句的謂語用“would+動詞原形”。
I had hoped that shewould go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay inChina.我原本希望她到美國去念書,但她說她喜歡留在中國。
第二節(jié):主語從句中的虛擬語氣
一、“It is (was)+形容詞(或過去分詞)+that……”結(jié)構(gòu)中的虛擬語氣
在形如“It is (was)+形容詞(或過去分詞)+that……”結(jié)構(gòu)中,使用某些表示愿望、建議、請求、命令、可能、適當、較好、迫切、緊近、重要等形容詞后的主語從句的謂語也用虛擬語氣。其表達形式為should +動詞原形或省略should直接用動詞原形(美國英語中省去should)
常用的形容詞:* natural (自然的),appropriate(適當?shù)模琣dvisable (合適的),preferable (更可取的),better(更好的)* necessary (必須的),important (重要的),imperative(急需的),urgent (急迫的),essential (本質(zhì)的),vital(必不可少的)* probable (很可能的),possible (可能的)*desirable (極好的)advisable(合理的),compulsory(必須的),crucial(緊急的),desirable(理想的),essential(必要的),imperative(迫切的),incredible(驚人的),necessary(必要的),possible(可能的),strange(奇怪的),urgent(緊迫的)。
常用的過去分詞(Past Participle):*required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被請求的),desired (要求)* suggested (建議), recommended (推薦)*orderd (命令)
1. It is necessary thatwe (should 可省略,下同)have a walk now.(necessary,should + have)(表示有需要去散步)
2.It was necessary thatwe (should)make everything ready ahead of time.(necessary,should+ make)(表示有必要事先做好準備)
3. It is required thatnobody (should)smoke here.(required,should+ smoke)(表示要求不要在此抽煙)
4. It is important thatevery pupil (should)be able to understand therule of school.(important,should+ be)(表示重要的是學生都能了解校規(guī))
5. It's important thatwe (should)take good care of the patient.(important,should+ take)(表示重要的是照顧好病人)
6. It is natural thatshe should do so. (形容詞natural,should+動詞原形do)
7.It is essential thatthese application forms be sent back as early as possible.這些申請表應盡早地寄回,這是很重要的。
8.It is vital thatenough money be collected to fund the project.重要的是募集足夠的錢,為這個項目提供資金。
9.It is desired that we(should)geteverything ready this evening.希望我們今晚一切都準備就緒。
注:在上述所列形容詞后面用that引出的賓語從句中,謂語動詞也要用虛擬語氣。
10.I don't think itadvisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience.湯姆缺乏經(jīng)驗,指派他做這項工作我認為是不恰當?shù)摹?/p>
二、在Itis +名詞+that…的主語從句中的虛擬語氣
在It is +名詞+that的主語從句中,常用虛擬語氣,表示建議、命令、請求、道歉、懷疑、驚奇等。這類名詞有:advice ,decision ,desire,demand ,idea,motion ,order,pity,preference ,proposal,recommendation,requirement,resolution,shame,suggestion,surprise,wish,wonder等。⑴、It is my proposal that he be sent tostudy further abroad.我建議派他去國外進一步學習。
第三節(jié):虛擬語氣用在表語從句或同位語從句中
當某些表示建議、請求、命令等主觀意向的名詞作主語時,其后的表語從句或同位語從句需用虛擬語氣,其表達形式為should +動詞原形或直接用動詞原形。這類名詞常見的有:demand (要求),desire (請求),requirment(要求)advice (勸告),recommendation (建議),suggestion (建議)order (命令)necessity(必要地),preference (優(yōu)先)proposal (計劃),plan(計劃),idea (辦法),recommendation以及plan,idea,resolution等。
We are all for yourproposal that the discussion be put off.我們都贊成你提出的將討論延期的建議。
The suggestion that themayor present the prizes was accepted by everyone.由市長頒發(fā)獎金的建議被每個人接受。
、、The advice is that we (should可省略,下同) leave at once.(名詞advice,should+ leave)(表示加以勸告)
⑵、My idea is that we (should)getmore people to attend the conference. (idea,should+ get)(表示做出主意)
、恰 make a proposal that we (should)hold a meeting next week. (proposal,should + hold)(表示做出計劃)
⑷、The judge assented to the suggestionthat .
。跘]both of the criminals will soon beset freedom
。跙]some of the criminals there are of guilt only
[C]the girl was to be paroled in thecustody of a welfare society
。跠]the prisoner be sentenced to death
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